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中國行業(yè)收入差距的影響因素分析

[摘要] 近幾年,我國職工的收入水平大幅度提高,但是由于各個(gè)行業(yè)的情況不同,不同行業(yè)職工收入水平的提高幅度不一樣,導(dǎo)致了不同行業(yè)職工的收入出現(xiàn)顯著差異。參考中國的經(jīng)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù),采用面板數(shù)據(jù)的方法構(gòu)建了行業(yè)收入差距模型,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):導(dǎo)致我國行業(yè)收入差距的重要因素之一是行業(yè)壟斷;同時(shí),行業(yè)間人力資本水平的差異對(duì)收入差異的影響也較為顯著,而勞動(dòng)者的收入更多地取決于其行業(yè)的特點(diǎn)而非勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 行業(yè)收入差距;教育;勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率;行業(yè)壟斷

Abstract:Recently, employees’ income has been increasing substantially in our country. However, as the industry situation is different, employees’ income from different industries has risen divergently, which generates distince differences.We also frame the model of the income gap of our industry by using data from the China Statistical Yearbook and the method of Econometric Panel Data. The main conclusions of this study show: industry monopoly has become an important factor which impacts the industry income gap in China; differences in the level of human capital of industries exert a more significant impact on the industry income gap; income of workers depends more on the characteristics of the industry rather than labor productivity.

Key words: interindustry income gap; education; labor productivity; monopoly of the industry

一 文獻(xiàn)綜述

國外學(xué)者對(duì)于行業(yè)之間收入差距的研究較早,20世紀(jì)70年代以來相關(guān)成果較為豐富。學(xué)者們?cè)趯?duì)差距程度進(jìn)行測(cè)度的同時(shí),更加注重解釋“同工不同酬”的現(xiàn)象,進(jìn)而形成了兩條研究路徑:一種是在傳統(tǒng)的新古典框架下,分析勞動(dòng)者個(gè)體間的工作質(zhì)量差異、工種之間的差別、被分割勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)與非競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性等因素對(duì)行業(yè)間勞動(dòng)者收入差異的影響。另一種是跳出傳統(tǒng)主流研究框架,但在主流經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理性人假設(shè)的基礎(chǔ)上,考察預(yù)防動(dòng)機(jī)、公平感等因素的作用,其中具有代表性的是“效率工資”理論。

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