which定語從句的用法
which定語從句的用法
學(xué)英語,一大痛點(diǎn)在定語從句,which就是痛中之痛之一。which是定語從句的關(guān)系代詞之一。GMAT語法考試限定,which有且僅有兩種用法。
which定語從句的用法 篇1
一、which前面有逗號(hào),逗號(hào)前面是個(gè)名詞,which就近指代那個(gè)名詞。
(1) Tankfield emailed Pea some photos, which did not cheer Pea up.
which就近指代photos,定語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞did not cheer (Pea up)的發(fā)出者即從句主語即先行詞photos,是photos沒讓豌豆家屬高興起來。
(2) Tankfield emailed Pea some photos, which Pea did not find interesting.
which就近指代photos,photos是定語從句中的賓語,把定語從句還原成一個(gè)完整句就是Pea did not find the photos interesting.
可以看到,上面兩個(gè)句子都可以以that為關(guān)系代詞改寫,即
(1)Tankfield emailed Pea some photos that did not cheer Pea up.
(2)Tankfield emailed Pea some photos that Pea did not find interesting.
改寫與原版區(qū)別在哪兒?就在一個(gè)逗號(hào)。which前面是名詞,名詞和which之間沒逗號(hào)的,在GMAT語法里算錯(cuò)。
二、which前面是介詞,介詞前面是名詞,which就近指代介詞前的那個(gè)名詞,名詞和介詞之間有無逗號(hào)均可。
Tankfield once lent Pea a book from which Pea glimpsed the basics of genes.
這個(gè)句子可以“拆”成如下兩句:(每個(gè)定語從句都可以拆成兩句,以先行詞為拆分點(diǎn))
(1)Tankfield once lent Pea a book.
(2)Pea glimpsed the basics of genes from the book.
先行詞實(shí)際上是定語從句中介詞的賓語,這時(shí),需要把介詞提前,避免如下表達(dá):
(1)Tankfield once lent Pea a book, which Pea glimpsed the basics of genes from. (XXX)
(2)Tankfield once lent Pea a book that Pea glimpsed the basics of genes from. (XXX)
上中學(xué)的時(shí)候?qū)W過,which引導(dǎo)的定語從句叫“非限制性定語從句”,是不是?它怎么就“非限制性”了?回顧上述GMAT語法規(guī)定which有且僅有的兩種用法,which指的都是就近的名詞,從句其實(shí)還是限制性的。
所謂非限制性呢,是說which指逗號(hào)之前一套主謂所描述的情況,以逗號(hào)前的一個(gè)完整句為先行詞。比如:
(1)Tankfield might never care to say Happy Birthday to Pea, which was rather sad.
(2)Tankfield might never care to say Happy Birthday to Pea, which Pea did not refuse to acknowledge to herself any more.
注意,這樣的非限制性定語從句在GMAT語法中是不成立的,關(guān)于which,GMAT語法考試只認(rèn)可上述兩種限制性用法。那么,在GMAT語法考試規(guī)則范圍內(nèi),用什么方法能夠表達(dá)出原來學(xué)過的非限制性定語從句的意思來呢?
分成兩句或做出同位語來都是可以的,當(dāng)然,需要先找出一個(gè)名詞把原來非限制性定語從句的先行詞(即那個(gè)完整的句子)概括出來! ∫、分成兩句
Tankfield might never care to say Happy Birthday to Pea. The fact was rather sad.
Tankfield might never care to say Happy Birthday to Pea. Pea did not refuse to acknowledge the fact to herself any more.
二、做同位語
Tankfield might never care to say Happy Birthday to Pea, the fact, rather sad,beingwhat Pea did not refuse to acknowledge to herself any more.
考題及答案解析: [考題1]
Youcanfindwhateveryouneedattheshoppingcentre,____isalwaysbusyattheweekend.
A.thatB.whereC.whatD.which
[答案]D
[解析]引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限定性定語從句修飾theshoppingcentre,應(yīng)選用D選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)系代詞which,which在該定語從句中充當(dāng)主語。
[考題2]
York,____lastyear,isaniceoldcity.(2003北京)
A.thatIvisitedB.whichIvisited
C.whereIvisitedD.inwhichIvisited
[答案]B
[解析]引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限定性定語從句修飾York,在定語從句中充當(dāng)及物動(dòng)詞visit的賓語,應(yīng)選用B選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)系代詞which。
[考題3]
Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,mostof____hadn’tbeencleanedforatleastayear.
A.theseB.thoseC.thatD.which
[答案]D
[解析]引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限定性定語從句修飾windows,在定語從句中充當(dāng)介詞of的賓語,應(yīng)選用D選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)系代詞which。
[考題4]
Theownerofthecinemaneededtomakealotofimprovementsandemploymorepeopletokeepitrunning,____meantspendingtensofthousandsofpounds.(2006江蘇)
A.whoB.thatC.asD.which
[答案]D
[解析]引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限定性定語從句修飾整個(gè)主句“theownerofthecinemaneededtomakealotofimprovementsandemploymorepeopletokeepitrunning”所表示的情況,應(yīng)選用C選項(xiàng)中的`關(guān)系代詞which,在該定語從句中充當(dāng)主語。
[考題5]
Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,____,ofcourse,madetheothersunhappy.
A.whoB.whichC.thisD.what
[答案]B
[解析]引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限定性定語從句修飾整個(gè)主句“Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay”所表示的情況,應(yīng)選用B選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)系代詞which,在該定語從句中充當(dāng)主語。
[考題6]
Theresultoftheexperimentwasverygood,____wehadn’texpected.
A.when B.thatC.whichD.what
[答案]C
[解析]引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限定性定語從句修飾整個(gè)主句“theresultoftheexperimentwasverygood”所表示的情況,應(yīng)選用C選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)系代詞which,在該定語從句中充當(dāng)及物動(dòng)詞expect的賓語。
[考題7]
TheEnglishplay____mystudentsactedattheNewYear’spartywasagreatsuccess.
A.forwhichB.atwhichC.inwhichD.onwhich
[答案]C
[解析]表示“在英語劇中”應(yīng)用介詞in,因此在修飾先行詞play的限定性定語從句中也應(yīng)用介詞in與指代先行詞play的關(guān)系代詞which連用,本題只能選C。注意:本題中which充當(dāng)置于定語從句中最前面的介詞in的賓語(inwhich在整個(gè)定語從句中充當(dāng)狀語)。
[考題8]
Isawawomanrunningtowardmeinthedark.BeforeIcouldrecognizewhoshewas,shehadrunbackinthedirection____shehadcome.
A.ofwhichB.bywhichC.inwhichD.fromwhich
[答案]D
[解析]表示“從他來的方向跑回去”,應(yīng)選用介詞from。下劃線處是引導(dǎo)修飾direction的定語從句。
[考題9]
Frank’sdreamwastohavehisownshop____toproducetheworkingsofhisownhands.
A.thatB.inwhichC.bywhichD.how
[答案]B
[解析]題干句意為:Frank的夢(mèng)想是擁有一家可以生產(chǎn)自己的手工制品的商店。inwhich相當(dāng)于intheshop的含義,最適合引導(dǎo)定語從句。
[考題10]
Iwasgiventhreebooksoncooking,thefirst____Ireallyenjoyed.
A.ofthatB.ofwhichC.thatD.which
[答案]B
[解析]ofwhich表示thefirstofthreebooks的含義,介詞of不可以省略,that不可以緊跟介詞后引導(dǎo)定語從句,因此應(yīng)選B。
[考題11]
Hewaseducatedatalocalgrammarschool,____hewentontoCambridge.
A.fromwhichB.afterthatC.afterwhichD.fromthis
[答案]C
[解析]this不能引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾前面的school,介詞后的關(guān)系代詞不能是that(“考點(diǎn)72:that引導(dǎo)的定語從句的用法”中將有此考點(diǎn)的具體介紹),因此應(yīng)排除選項(xiàng)B和D;由于此處which指代前面整個(gè)主句,全句意為“他在當(dāng)?shù)氐囊凰Z法學(xué)校接受教育之后,又去了劍橋!保樵~應(yīng)選用after,因此應(yīng)進(jìn)一步排除選項(xiàng)A而選出C。
附:定語從句中的that和which用法區(qū)別 1、先行若是不定代,that就把which踹
春雨驚春清谷天,夏滿芒夏暑相連,秋處露秋寒霜降,冬雪雪冬小大寒。上半年是六廿一,下半年來八廿三,每月兩節(jié)日期定,最多相差一二天。當(dāng)先行詞為anything, everything, nothing, all, any, much, many, one等不定代詞時(shí),只能使用“that”, 不用“which”.
例:Is there anything that I can do for you? 我能給你做點(diǎn)什么嗎?
2、先行詞前有兩數(shù),就用that定無誤
當(dāng)先行詞是基數(shù)詞或序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí),只能使用“that”, 不用“which”.
例句:
That is the second time that I have been to Japan.
那是我去日本的第二次。
The two buildings that lay on the River Thames fell down last week.
坐落在泰晤士河岸邊的那兩座大樓上星期倒塌了。
3、先行詞前最高級(jí),還用that必?zé)o疑
當(dāng)先行詞是形容詞最高級(jí)或被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí),只能使用“that”, 不用“which”.
例句:
This is the most wonderful time that I have ever had.
這是我度過的最美好的時(shí)光。
4、句中若有there be, that應(yīng)把which替
例:
There is no evidence that animals possess a mysterious sixth-sense allowing them to predict natural disasters.
說動(dòng)物擁有神秘的第六感,可以預(yù)知自然災(zāi)害,這是沒有根據(jù)的。
5、先行主中做表語,避免重復(fù)從句里
例句:
1)This is not the hospital that it used to be.
這已經(jīng)不再是以前那座醫(yī)院了。
2)Mr Thomson is not the man that he was.
湯姆森先生已經(jīng)不再是以前的他了。
解析:定語從句的先行詞均在主句中做表語。
例句:
Which is the course that we are to take ?
我們要學(xué)哪門課?
解析:句中已有which,后面不再用which,避免重復(fù)用that。
6、先行詞前有just/the only/very/same/last等詞,關(guān)系代詞用that,不用which
例句:
1) The North Pole is the only place that you can see polar bears.
北極是唯一能見到北極熊的地方。
2)This is the same bike that he lost.
這就是他丟了的那輛自行車。
注意區(qū)分:
3) This is the same bike as he lost.
這輛自行車和他丟的那輛一樣。(但不是)
which定語從句的用法 篇2
我們知道,as和which作為關(guān)系代詞都可以用來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,指代整個(gè)主句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容,在從句中作主語或賓語,但它們?cè)谟梅ㄉ嫌袇^(qū)別,這一點(diǎn)許多學(xué)生往往搞不清楚,F(xiàn)就它們引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的用法簡(jiǎn)述如下:
一、相同之處
當(dāng)從句位于主句之后,引導(dǎo)詞指代整個(gè)主句所表達(dá)的全部意義時(shí),as和which可以互換。如:
The elephant is like a snake,as/which everybody can see.
大家都看得出,這頭大象像條蛇。
A big earthquake occurred there last night,as/which was reported on TV.
據(jù)電視報(bào)道,昨夜那里發(fā)生了大地震。
She is from Shanghai,as/which I know from her accent.
她來自上海,那是我從她的口音知道的。
二、不同之處
1、as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí),位置比較靈活,可位于主句之前,也可位于主句之中或之后;而which引導(dǎo)非限制定語從句只能位于主句之后,不能位于主句之前。如:
_______ is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth.
A.It B.As C.That D.Which
答案:B
_______ is mentioned above,the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing.
A.Which B.As C.That D.It
答案:B
Air,as we know,is a gas.眾所周知,空氣是一種氣體。
He is very careful,as his work shows.
他的工作表現(xiàn)表明他非常謹(jǐn)慎。
as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句常有“如同......那樣”的含義,因此在一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中,如:
as we know;as is known to all(眾所周知)
as we all can see(正如我們大家都能看到的那樣)
as has been said before/above(正如前面所述)
as has been pointed out(正如所指出的那樣)
as might be imagined(可以想象得到)
as might be expected(正如所預(yù)料的那樣)
as is often the case(情況通常是這樣)
以上種種固定搭配,一般不能用which代替as。
2、搭配上,在由the same或such所修飾的名詞后通常用as作關(guān)系代詞引出非限制性定語從句。如:
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
我遇到了與他一樣的麻煩。
I've never heard of such a moving story as he is telling.
我從未聽過像他講得那么有趣的故事。
3、which引導(dǎo)的從句在意義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句,可以用and this代替,意思是“這件事”;as引導(dǎo)的從句主要起連接上下文的作用,表達(dá)說話人的觀點(diǎn)、看法,并指出主句內(nèi)容的根據(jù)或出處等。如:
He sold his new car,which surprised me.
=He sold his new car,and this serprised me.
Einstein,as we know,is a famous scientist.
我們都知道,愛因斯坦是一位著名的科學(xué)家。
As is known to all,Taiwan is part of China.
眾所周知,臺(tái)灣是中國(guó)的一部分。
4、當(dāng)which在從句中指代的是先行詞本身而不是主句時(shí),不可用as代替which。如:
The peach tree,which I planted last year,has not borne any fruit.
這棵桃樹是我去年種下的,還沒有結(jié)出任何果實(shí)。
The book,which I bought yesterday,is very instructive.
我昨天買的這本書很有教育意義。
5、在從句中作主語時(shí),which既可作系動(dòng)詞be的主語,也可作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的主語,而as只可作系動(dòng)詞be的主語。如:
He married her,which was nature.(可用as代替which)
他和她結(jié)婚了,這是很自然的事。
She met the boy,which delighted her.(不可用as代替which)
她見到了那個(gè)男孩,這使得她很高興。
He failed in the exam again,which made his parents very angry.
他考試有不及格了,這是他父母很生氣。
6、as引導(dǎo)的從句在意義上不可與主語相悖,而which引導(dǎo)的從句則不受此限制。
Mum treats me like a baby,which I can't bear.
媽媽把我當(dāng)小孩看待,這是我不能忍受的。
which定語從句的用法 篇3
1. 當(dāng)先行詞為all, much, little, none及由any, every, some, no所構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)。
如:
Please tell me anything that you know about the matter.
有關(guān)此事,凡是你所知道的請(qǐng)告訴我。
2. 當(dāng)先行詞被any, few, little, no, all, much, some等詞修飾時(shí)。
如:You can take any seat that is free.
任何空著的座位你都可以坐。
3. 當(dāng)先行詞為序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞所修飾時(shí)。
如:
This is the fourth film that has been shown in our school this term.
這是我們校本學(xué)期放映的第四部電影。
4. 當(dāng)先行詞為形容詞最高級(jí)或被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。
如:
This is the most interesting story book that I have ever read.
這是我讀過的一本最有趣的故事書。
5. 當(dāng)先行詞被the very, the only, the last, the just, the same等修飾時(shí)。
如:
The only thing that we could do was to wait.
我們唯一能做的事就是等待。
注意:先行詞被the same修飾時(shí),關(guān)系代詞也可用as。
如:I need the same book that / as you have.
我需要有你一樣的書。
6. 當(dāng)先行詞既包含人又包含物時(shí)。
如: They are talking of the heroines and their deeds that interest them.
他們正在談?wù)撍麄兏信d趣的女英雄及她們的事跡。
7. 當(dāng)先行詞是疑問代詞who,which,what或主句以這些詞開頭時(shí)。
如:
Who that has ever worked together with him doesn’t admire him?
曾經(jīng)和他一起工作過的誰不欽佩他?
8. 當(dāng)先行詞為主句表語或關(guān)系代詞為從句表語時(shí)。
如:
Our school is no longer the place that it used to be.
我們的學(xué),F(xiàn)在已不是過去的那個(gè)樣子了。
9. 先行詞為time時(shí),當(dāng)time表示次數(shù),引導(dǎo)詞用that, 可省略。 當(dāng)表示時(shí)間,可用that或when引導(dǎo),都可省略。
如:
I did't remember the exact time (when/that) I arrived in Shanghai last month.
我不記得上個(gè)月到達(dá)上海的確切時(shí)間了。
最后,請(qǐng)注意以下幾種只能使用which的情況:
1. 在“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中,關(guān)系代詞必須用which。
如:
This is the reference book of which the teacher is speaking.
這就是老師正在談及的那本參考書。
注意: 如果介詞不放在修飾事物的限定性定語從句的句首, which就可換為that,例如:
This is the question which/that we’ve had so much discussion about. =This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion.
這就是我們已經(jīng)多次討論過的問題。
2. 先行詞為“those+表事物的復(fù)數(shù)名詞”時(shí), 關(guān)系代詞通常只用which而不用that。
如:You should grasp well those skills which may be used in the future work.
你應(yīng)該掌握好這些可以用到未來工作中的技能。
最后,記得這個(gè)特殊情況吧:當(dāng)先行詞是表示原因或方式的名詞時(shí),可以用that引導(dǎo)定語從句,相當(dāng)于介詞+which,that可以省略。
如:
He didn’t like the way that (=in which) she speaks to his mother.
他不喜歡她對(duì)他的母親那樣說話。
Imagine the speed that (=at which) he drives the car.
很難想象,他開車開得那么快。
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