Summary的寫法

一、概括原文

（一）閱讀

1.讀懂文章

讀文章的時(shí)候，要養(yǎng)成良好的閱讀習(xí)慣，劃劃寫寫，英文閱讀的時(shí)候，用鉛筆輕輕劃出重點(diǎn)詞匯。

認(rèn)真閱讀給定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多讀兩遍。閱讀次數(shù)越多，你對(duì)原文的理解就越深刻。

2.拆分文章

按照作者的思路，把文章分段，每個(gè)段落用幾個(gè)詞，幾個(gè)短語(yǔ)概括。盡量簡(jiǎn)短，精煉。 段落中心句，在段落的開頭或末尾。有時(shí)也會(huì)變態(tài)的在當(dāng)中。

3.概括主旨

寫出文章的thesis, 一句話概括文章的主旨。

（二）基本結(jié)構(gòu)和技巧

1.重新擬定標(biāo)題

給summary起一個(gè)標(biāo)題。用那些能概括文章主題思想的單詞、短語(yǔ)或短句子作為標(biāo)題。也可以采用文中的主題句作為標(biāo)題。

2.闡述觀點(diǎn)

摘要應(yīng)全部用自己的話完成。不要引用原文的句子。寫概述的時(shí)候，如果能夠明確是他人寫作的文章，注意要把作者的名字放在第一句（或者是the author…….）。接著寫出要闡述的main ideas（主要觀點(diǎn)）和supporting points（對(duì)主要觀點(diǎn)的支持）。

3.詞匯運(yùn)用

注意概述的coherence（連貫性），運(yùn)用好transition words（過(guò)渡詞）, like however, furthermore, nonetheless, besides, therefore etc.

4.刪除細(xì)節(jié)

只保留主要觀點(diǎn)。

5.選擇一至兩個(gè)有代表性的例子

原文中可能包括5個(gè)或更多的例子，你只需從中篩選一至二個(gè)例子。

6.把長(zhǎng)句變成短句，把長(zhǎng)段的描述變成短小、簡(jiǎn)單的句子。

“ He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”

可以概括為：“He was in financial difficulties.”

“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”

可以概括為：”He was very brave in battle.”

“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”

可以概括為：“He was in financial difficulties.”

6) 你還可以使用詞組代替整句或者從句。請(qǐng)看下面的例子：

“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who1

never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”

可以概括為：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.”

7) 使用概括性的名詞代替具體的詞，比如：

“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”

可以概括為：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”

8） 使用最短的連接詞。比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等較長(zhǎng)的連接詞。通常，使用分號(hào)就能夠達(dá)成使用連接詞的效果。

9) 文章中的第一人稱說(shuō)的話通常在摘要中轉(zhuǎn)換成第三人稱，從而把大段的對(duì)白簡(jiǎn)化，比如：

Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul — it’s not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awful… like eating cardboard or sand… just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didn’t want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.”

可以用第三人稱概括為：

Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Paul’s health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless.

7.注意問(wèn)題

（1）避免重復(fù)

在原文中，為了強(qiáng)調(diào)某個(gè)主題，可能會(huì)重復(fù)論證說(shuō)明。但是這在summary中是不能使用的。應(yīng)該刪除那些突出強(qiáng)調(diào)的重述句。

（2）不要把自己的觀點(diǎn)強(qiáng)行添加給作者

（3）概述長(zhǎng)度不要超過(guò)原文章的1/4

（4）不要過(guò)多照搬原作者的用詞，用句

（盡可能用自己的話來(lái)寫，但不排斥用原文的某些詞句）。

（5）最后檢查一遍，確保文中沒(méi)有語(yǔ)病，沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤和拼寫錯(cuò)誤。

二、論文摘要

摘要的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容 因?yàn)檎�要本質(zhì)上就是一篇高度濃縮的論文，所以其構(gòu)成與論文主體的結(jié)構(gòu)是對(duì)應(yīng)的。因此，摘要應(yīng)包括以下內(nèi)容梗概：（1）目的：研究工作的前提、目的和任務(wù), 所涉及的主題范圍；（2）方法：所用的理論、條件、手段等；（3）結(jié)果（4）結(jié)果的分析、比較、評(píng)價(jià)、應(yīng)用，提出的問(wèn)題，今后的課題, 假設(shè)、啟發(fā)、建議、預(yù)測(cè)等；（5）其他：不屬于研究、研制、調(diào)查的主要目的，但具有重要的信息價(jià)值。

（一）引言部分

1.回顧研究背景

常用詞匯有：review, summarize, present, outline, describe等。

This paper outlines some of the basic discusses about…….

2.闡明寫作或研究目的

常用詞匯有：purpose, attempt, aim等。另外還可以用動(dòng)詞不定式充當(dāng)目的狀語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá)。例如：

To investigate the mechanism of…….

3.介紹論文的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容或研究范圍

常用的詞匯有：study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等。

Here we study the…….

This article includes a brief review of………

（二）方法部分

1.介紹研究過(guò)程

常用詞匯有：test, study, investigate, examine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等。

We present an analysis of …….

2.說(shuō)明研究或試驗(yàn)方法

常用詞匯有：measure, estimate, calculate等。

We have developed a……model to estimate ……..

This study presents estimates of……..

（三）結(jié)果部分

1.展示研究結(jié)果

常用詞匯有：show, result, present等。

We show this cell death to be dependent upon……

Our results suggest that……

2.介紹結(jié)論

常用詞匯有：summary, introduce, conclude等。

By means of a series of examples, we conclude that……

（四）討論部分

1.陳述論文的論點(diǎn)和作者的觀點(diǎn)

常用詞匯有：suggest, report, present, explain, expect, describe等。

The results suggest that……

In this study, we describe …….

2.闡明論證

常用詞匯有：support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify等。

3.推薦和建議

常用詞匯有：suggest, suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose, necessity, necessary, expect等。