論翻譯實踐與技巧
什么是翻譯?簡單地說,翻譯就是翻譯意思(Translating means translating meanings)。翻譯是人類交流思想過程中溝通不同語言的橋梁,使通曉不同語言的人能通過原文的重新表達而進行思想交流。翻譯是把一種語言(即原語)的信息用另一種語言(即譯語)表達出來,使譯文讀者能得到原作者所表達的思想,得到與原文讀者大致相同的感受。
一、翻譯的原則
(一)對等性(equivalence)
如,“拉” 和“pull”是對等詞
拉門 pull the door
(二)相似性(similarity)
Sorry,your book is out.
很抱歉,你要借的書借出去了。
(三)傳意性(meaning transference)
This is a very good price.
這真是太便宜了。
(四)可接受性(acceptability)
Listening to classical music is my cup of tea.
古典音樂我最愛聽。
二、常見的翻譯技巧
(一)改變詞類(conversion)
1. Arrogance and complacence turned out to be his ruin.
驕傲自滿最終毀了他。
2. In some cases,deserts are the creation of destruction of virgin forest.
沙漠有時是人類毀壞原始森林造成的。
(二)語序調整(inversion)
1. The development of the early idea of fixed orbits by introducing the water nature of an electron has made it much more difficult to build up pictures or models.
早期的固定軌道概念引入了電子的波動性之后,描繪圖象或制作模型的難度加大。
2. Ours is a profession which traditionally was been guided by a percept that transcends the virtue of uttering the truth for truth’s sake,and,that is as far as possible do no harm.
我們在職業(yè)傳統(tǒng)上遵守一個信條,那就是盡可能不造成傷害,這一信條勝過為講真話而講真話的美德。
(三)語態(tài)變換(the change of the voices)
1. Solutions to these problems cannot be achieved by any nation or region on its own.
這些問題靠任何一個國家和地區(qū)自己是不能解決的。
2. The incorrectly looped string had thrown the toy off balance.
因為線圈繞錯了,所以玩具失去了平衡。
(四)分譯(division)
1. The cook turned pale,and asked the housemaid to shut the door,who asked Brittle,who asked the tinker,who pretended not to hear.
廚子的臉色發(fā)白,要使喚丫頭把門關上,丫頭叫布立特爾去,布立特爾叫補鍋匠去,補鍋匠卻裝作沒聽見。
2. In the late summer of that year we lived in a house in a village that looked across the river and plains to the mountains.
那年晚夏,我們住在鄉(xiāng)下一間小房子里。從我們那座房子,看得見隔河的平原,平原和山連在一起。
(五)重復(repetition)
1. The use of atomic weapons is a clear violation of international law―in particular of the Geneva Convention.
使用原子武器顯然違反國際法,特別違反日內瓦公約。
2. In the 26 years since,Star Wars has changed the way movies are watched,shown,seen and made.
在之后的26年當中,《 星球大戰(zhàn)》改變了人們制作電影、放電影、和看電影的方式。
(六)增詞(amplification)
1. Histories make men wise;poets witty;the mathematics subtle;natural philosophy deep;moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend. 讀史使人明智,讀詩使人靈秀,數(shù)學使人周密,科學使人深刻,倫理使人莊重,邏輯修辭之學使人善辯。
2. Henry Kissinger had slept there before,in July and again in October.
在此之前,基辛格在7月和10 月兩度在那里下榻。
(七)省略(omission)
1. If winter comes,can spring be far behind?.
冬天來了,春天還會久遠嗎?
2. One must make painstaking efforts before one can succeed in mastering a foreign language.
要掌握一門外語非下苦工夫不可。
(八)反譯(negation)
1. Lose weight safely and forever.
安全減肥,永不反彈。
2. She was refused admittance by them.
他們不許她進去。
(九)典故的翻譯
1. That joke you told us is as old as Adam,but I still think it is funny.
你給我們講的那個笑話簡直老掉了牙,不過我認為還是很有趣的。
2. Lazarus-like,the Mideast peace process always seems to find a way of rising from the grave.
中東和平進程,就像拉撒路一樣,似乎總有辦法起死回生。
(十)影視片名的翻譯
1. Ghost《幽靈》/《鬼魂》――《人鬼情未了》
2. Pretty woman 《漂亮女人》――《風月俏佳人》
3. Blood and Sand《血與沙》―― 《碧血黃沙》
4. Bodyguard 《保鏢》――《護花傾情》
總之,翻譯時,以前提倡要遵循信(faithfulness)、達(expressiveness)、雅(elegance)的標準,現(xiàn)在更多地主張要忠實(faithfulness)、通順(smoothness)就好。事實上是舊瓶裝新酒。有些句子可以簡單地直譯(literal translation),但有時候就不得不意譯。
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