代詞的用法和概念是什么

　　代詞是代替名詞的一種詞類。大多數(shù)代詞具有名詞和形容詞的功能。下面是小編給大家整理的代詞的用法和概念簡(jiǎn)介，希望能幫到大家!

　　代詞的用法

　　1)人稱代詞的主格在句子中作主語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，例如：

　　John waited a while but eventually he went home.

　　約翰等了一會(huì)兒，最后他回家了。

　　John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.

　　約翰希望那位乘客是瑪麗，還真是她。

　　說(shuō)明：在復(fù)合句中，如果主句和從句主語(yǔ)相同，代詞主語(yǔ)要用在從句中，名詞主語(yǔ)用在主句中，例如：

　　When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.

　　約翰一到就直接去銀行了。

　　2)人稱代詞的賓格在句子中作賓語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ)，但在口語(yǔ)中也能作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，第一人稱在省略句中，還可以作主語(yǔ)，例如：

　　I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.

　　我看到她和他們?cè)谝黄穑�至少我認(rèn)為是她。(her做賓 語(yǔ)，them做介詞賓語(yǔ)，her做主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ))

　　a. -- Who broke the& nbsp;vase? --誰(shuí)打碎了花瓶?

　　b. -- Me. --我。(me做主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)= It’s me.)

　　說(shuō)明：在上面兩例句中，her和me分別作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)�，F(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中多用賓格，在正式文體中這里應(yīng)為she和I。

　　3.2 人稱代詞之主、賓格的替換

　　1) 賓格代替主格

　　a.在簡(jiǎn)短對(duì)話中，當(dāng)人稱代詞單獨(dú)使用或在not 后，多用賓語(yǔ)。

　　---- I like English. --我喜歡英語(yǔ)。

　　---- Me too. --我也喜歡。

　　---- Have more wine? --再來(lái)點(diǎn)酒喝嗎?

　　---- Not me. --我可不要了。

　　b.在表示比較的非正式的文體中，常用賓格代替主格。 但如果比較狀語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)保留，則主語(yǔ)只能用主格。

　　He is taller than I/me.

　　He is taller than I am.

　　2) 主格代替賓格

　　a. 在介詞but，except 后，有時(shí)可用主格代替賓格。

　　b. 在電話用語(yǔ)中常用主格。

　　---- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和瑪麗通話。

　　---- This is she. --我就是瑪麗。

　　注意：在動(dòng)詞be 或to be 后的人稱代詞視其前面的名詞或代詞而定。

　　I thought it was she. 我以為是她。 (主格----主格)

　　I thought it to be her. (賓格----賓格)

　　I was taken to be she. 我被當(dāng)成了她。 (主格----主格)

　　They took me to be her. 他們把我當(dāng)成了她。 (賓格----賓格)

　　代詞的概念

　　代詞是代替名詞的一種詞類。大多數(shù)代詞具有名詞和形容詞的功能。英語(yǔ)中的代詞，按其意義、特征及在句中的`作用分為：人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、自身代詞、相互代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、關(guān)系代詞和不定代詞八種。

　　物主代詞

　　1)物主代詞既有表示所屬的作用又有指代作用，例如：

　　John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.

　　約翰割破了手指，顯而易見(jiàn)，他桌子上有個(gè)破玻璃杯。

　　物主代詞有形容詞性(my, your等)和名詞性(mine, yours等)兩種，形容詞性的物主代詞屬于限定詞。

　　名詞性的物主代詞在用法上相當(dāng)于省略了中心名詞的 --’s屬格結(jié)構(gòu)，例如：

　　Jack’s cap 意為 The cap is Jack’s.

　　His cap 意為 The cap is his.

　　2) 名詞性物主代詞的句法功能

　　a. 作主語(yǔ)，例如：

　　May I use your pen? Yours works better.

　　我可以用一用你的鋼筆嗎? 你的比我的好用。

　　b. 作賓語(yǔ)，例如：

　　I love my motherland as much as you love& nbsp;yours.

　　我愛(ài)我的祖國(guó)就像你愛(ài)你的祖國(guó)一樣深。

　　c. 作介詞賓語(yǔ)，例如：

　　Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.

　　你應(yīng)當(dāng)按我所用的詞義去解釋我說(shuō)的話，而不能按你自己的意義去解釋。

　　d. 作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，例如：

　　The life I have is yours. It’s yours. It’s yours. 我的生命屬于你，屬于你，屬于你。

　　不定代詞　　一、不定代詞定語(yǔ)從句用法

　　在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí),關(guān)系詞可用who(作賓語(yǔ)是還可用whom)或that,二者�？苫�換.

　　但在下列情況中,用who(m),而不用that：

　　(1) 當(dāng)先行詞是one,ones,any,few,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody,everyone,

　　everybody等詞時(shí).如：

　　Is there anyone who can answer this question?

　　He was among the few who managed to live through the enemy prison camp.

　　注：在非正式文體中可以說(shuō)：You’re the one that knows where to go.)

　　(2) 當(dāng)先行詞是he,they,those,people,person等詞時(shí).如：

　　He who wants to catch fish just not mind getting wet.

　　Those who are against the proposal put up your hands.

　　注：在固定結(jié)構(gòu)的諺語(yǔ)或習(xí)語(yǔ)中,可用he that….如：

　　He that promises too much means nothing.

　　(3) 當(dāng)先行詞有較長(zhǎng)的后置定語(yǔ)修飾時(shí).如：

　　Do you know the writer in blue with thick glasses who is speaking at the meeting?

　　(4) 在分隔式定語(yǔ)從句中,若先行詞指人,為了明確修飾關(guān)系,應(yīng)當(dāng)用who(m).如：

　　A new master will came tomorrow who will teach you German.

　　There’s only one student in the school who/whom I wanted to see.

　　I was the only person in my office who was invited.

　　(5) 兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句同時(shí)修飾一個(gè)指人的先行詞,第二個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句常用who(m)來(lái)引導(dǎo),如：

　　She is the only girl I know who can play the guitar.

　　二、定語(yǔ)從句用法歸納

　　定語(yǔ)從句由關(guān)系代詞who、whom、whose、which、what、as和關(guān)系副詞where、when、why等引導(dǎo)，但須記�。�

　　1.what不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句.

　　2.關(guān)系詞的分析須考慮它在定語(yǔ)從句中的成分。

　　一.指人的關(guān)系代詞有who、whose、whom、that. 試分析：

　　The old man who/whom /that we visited yesterday is a famous artist.

　　Miss Wang is taking care of the child whose parents have gone to Beijing .

　　The man with whom my father shook hands just now is our headmaster. (=The man who/whom that my father shook hands with just now is our headmaster.)注：

　　A. 指人時(shí)有時(shí)只用who不宜用that。

　　1.先行詞為one、ones或anyone

　　(1)The comrade I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and works hard.

　　(2)Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.

　　2.先行詞為these時(shí)

　　These who are going to Beijing are the best students of our school.

　　3.在there be 開(kāi)頭的句子中

　　There is a student who wants to see you.

　　4.一個(gè)句子中帶有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，其中一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞是that，另一個(gè)宜用who，以免重復(fù)。

　　The student that won the first prize is the monitor who works hards.

　　5.在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中

　　A。I met a friend of mine in the street, who had just come from Japan.

　　B.主句以who開(kāi)頭的句子中,只用that,不用who。

　　二.指物的關(guān)系代詞有which、whose(=of which)、that. 試分析：

　　1. I like the books which / that were written by Lu Xun.

　　2. The desks (which/that) we made last year were very good.

　　3. This is the house in which we lived last year. (= This is the house which /that we lived in last year.)

　　4. I live in the room whose windows face south. (= I live in the room ,the windows of which face south.)

　　注：

　　A. 介詞如果位于作為其賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞之前時(shí)，只能用whom、 which不能用who或that.

　　(1). The girl about whom they were talking is our monitor.

　　(2). The book in which there are many interesting things was written by Li Ming.

　　B. 部分短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的介詞不可與動(dòng)詞拆開(kāi)，在定語(yǔ)從句中其介詞不可前置，只能放在其動(dòng)詞之后。

　　Is this the book which she is looking for?

　　The old man who/whom they are waiting for is Professor Li.

　　The child who/whom she is looking after is Wang Ping’s son.

　　C. 指物時(shí)，下列情況下只能用that ，不宜用which。

　　(1)先行詞為不定代詞，如All、much、anything、everything、nothing、something、none、the one等。

　　We are willing to do anything that is good to the people.

　　I have told them all (that) I know.

　　All that can be done has been done.

　　(2)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞、修飾時(shí)。

　　The first book that I read last night was an English novel.

　　(3)先行詞是形容詞最高級(jí)或被最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。

　　This is one of the most interesting films that I have ever seen.

　　This is the best that can be done now.

　　(4)如果有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上分別表示人和物的先行詞時(shí)(先行詞既有人又有物)，定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞用which和who都不合適，只能用that。

　　We know nothing about the doctors and the hospitals that you are talking about.

　　There are sheep and men that can be seen on the hill.

　　(5)如果先行詞被the only、the very、the last、the same、any、 few 、little、no、 all 、one of、 just修飾時(shí)。

　　This is the only book that can be lent to you.

　　(6)當(dāng)主句是以which開(kāi)頭的特殊問(wèn)句時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞只用that。

　　Which is the dictionary that he used yesterday ?

　　D.只物時(shí)，下列情況下只能用which，不宜用that。

　　(1)關(guān)系代詞放在介詞之后

　　This is the factory in which we once worked.

　　(2)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中

　　This is the book, which is written by Lu Xun.

　　(3)that，Those作主語(yǔ)時(shí)

　　Those which are on the desk are English books.

　　E.先行詞前有such、the same、 as時(shí), 關(guān)系代詞用as，不用that, 但the same…as…表示同樣的, the same…that…表示同一的

　　He knows as many people as are present at the meeting.

　　Such people as you refer to are rare nowadays.

　　三.比較When/which、where /which、why.

　　which I still never forget.

　　This is the day when I joined the party.

　　which he spent reading the books.

　　where I found the book.

　　which makes machines.

　　This is the place which we once visited.

　　which I will never forget.

　　which I am looking for.

　　限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：

　　限制性定語(yǔ)從句

　　非限制性定語(yǔ)從句

　　All the students who study hard have passed.學(xué)習(xí)努力的學(xué)生都考試及格了。(只有努力的及格了，不努力的沒(méi)及格。) All the students ,who study hard have passed.所有的學(xué)生都及格了，他們學(xué)習(xí)努力。(沒(méi)有人不及格，這些學(xué)生都很努力。)

　　從句是先行詞不可缺少的定語(yǔ)(如去掉，主句意思就不完整或不正確。) 從句是對(duì)先行詞的附加說(shuō)明(如去掉，主句意思仍清楚，不受影響。) 與主句關(guān)系密切，不用逗號(hào) 與主句關(guān)系不十分密切，用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi)譯為漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句譯在先行詞前，與先行詞用“的”連接 譯為漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句放在主句后面關(guān)系代詞that可以代替who、whom(指人)、which(指物) 關(guān)系代詞不用that,只用who、whom(指人)、which(指物) 關(guān)系代詞代替賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略 關(guān)系代詞不能省略關(guān)系代詞as和which

　　先研究下面兩個(gè)例句：

　　○1.This elephant is like a snake, as /which everybody can see. =As everybody can see, this elephant is like a snake. 任何人都看得出來(lái)，這頭象像條蛇。

　　○2.Tom didn’t pass the physics exam, which made his parents very angry. Tom物理考試不及格，這使得他父親很生氣。

　　這兩個(gè)例句中，as和which所代表的都是整個(gè)主句所表示的內(nèi)容。但有兩點(diǎn)不同之處：

　　1. 在形式上as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句可位于主句的后面，也可位于主句的前面;而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能位于主句的后面，不能位于主句的前面。

　　2. 在意義上，as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句和主句的關(guān)系一般為一致關(guān)系，常譯為“正如……”，“就像……”，而which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句和主句的關(guān)系是因果關(guān)系，或which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)主句的評(píng)論。因此，在意思通順的情況下，which可代替as，而as許多時(shí)候不能代替which，如句○2。再如：

　　1.He was late again, as / which we had expected. =As we had expected, he was late again. 正如我們所料，他又遲到了。/他又遲到了這是我們?cè)缇土系降摹?/p>

　　2. The street hasn’t been cleared for weeks, which makes it very dirty. 街道好多星期沒(méi)有打掃了，因此整條街很臟。(不用as)

　　3.The young man cheated his friend of much money, which was disgraceful. 那年輕人詐騙了他朋友許多錢財(cái)，這是不光彩的。(不 用as)

　　4.He takes exercise everyday, which has done a lot of good to his health. 他每天運(yùn)動(dòng)，這對(duì)他的身體很有好處。(不用as)

　　5.As has already been pointed out, English is rather difficult for a foreigner. 正如已經(jīng)指出的那樣，英語(yǔ)對(duì)于初學(xué)者說(shuō)，是相當(dāng)難學(xué)的。在such…as…、the same…as…、 as…、 as many…/much as…等結(jié)構(gòu)中,as不能用which代替。如：

　　1.Such books as this are too difficult for beginners. 這樣的書(shū)對(duì)于初學(xué)的人來(lái)說(shuō)是太難了。

　　=Books such as this are …

　　=Books like this are …

　　2.I live in the same building as he (does). 我和他住再同一座大樓里。

　　3.He knows as many people as are present at the meeting. 他認(rèn)識(shí)所有到會(huì)的人。

　　4.That day we all got up early as usual. 那天我們和平時(shí)一樣，都起得很早。

　　“One of the +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”后面定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)情況

　　這一結(jié)構(gòu)后面的定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式，跟定語(yǔ)從句所*近的那個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)名詞在數(shù)上保持一致。如：

　　1. That is one of the books that are required for study at school.

　　2. This is one of the most wonderful novels that have been published since 1990.

　　3. She is one of the few persons who know Spanish .

　　4. This is one of the most famous plays that were written in the thirties,

　　如果one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞這一結(jié)構(gòu)前面帶有the only、the very之類的限定語(yǔ)，后面定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則要用單數(shù)形式，這是因?yàn)槎ㄕZ(yǔ)從句在意義上修飾的是而不是那個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)名詞。如：

　　1.He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school.( 修飾the only one)

　　He is one of the teachers who know French in our school.( 修飾the teachers)

　　2.This is the only one of the rooms that is free now. (修飾the only one)

　　This is one of the rooms that are free now. (修飾rooms)

　　as與which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

　　兩者均可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，有時(shí)可以互換，但下列情況多用as。

　　1. 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句居句首時(shí)。 As we all know, the earth is round.

　　2. 當(dāng)與such或the same連用時(shí)，一般用as。 Such books as you tell me are interesting. I have the same plan as you.

　　3. 當(dāng)從句和主句語(yǔ)義一致時(shí)，用as，反之則用which。 She has married again, as was expected. She has married again, which was unexpected.

　　4. as在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，后面常接行為動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如be known，be said，be reported等，如從句中行為動(dòng)詞是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，一般要用which作主語(yǔ)。

　　She has been late again, as was expected.

　　Tom has made great progress, which made us happy.