英語(yǔ)中句子的成分
了解英語(yǔ)句子中非連續(xù)成分的運(yùn)用無(wú)論對(duì)于正確理解英語(yǔ)句子的意思,還是用正確漢語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá)英語(yǔ)句子的意思都是至關(guān)重要的。
我們都知道,英語(yǔ)大多數(shù)陳述句都采用SVO這種線性結(jié)構(gòu)(linear structure),各成分之間的語(yǔ)法關(guān)系是靠語(yǔ)序來(lái)體現(xiàn)的,為了準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)句子中各成分之間的語(yǔ)法關(guān)系,避免歧義,人們?cè)趯懹⒄Z(yǔ)句子時(shí)一般要遵循相鄰原則(principle of adjacency),即語(yǔ)法關(guān)系密切的兩個(gè)成分應(yīng)處于相鄰的位置。但是,在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中有時(shí)人們并不遵循這一原則,兩個(gè)應(yīng)該相鄰成分之間被其它成分分隔,構(gòu)成含非連續(xù)成分(discontinuous constituents)的句式。例如:
⑴A wild yell of jubilation to their surprise, went up suddenly from two dozen throats and pandemonium of joy ensued.
--F. S. Fitzgerald: The Diamond as Big as the Ritz
⑵But here on the same road you might have seen among these heavy men a being lithe…
--J. Conrad: Amy Foster
⑶Indeed, if readers find the introduction hard going, they should read just the last section, then plunge into the body of the book, and return to Chapter I when puzzles arise about the general nature of the field.
--S. C. Levinson: Pragmatics
⑷As soon as they were gone, Elisabeth walked out to recover her spirits, or in other words, to dwell, without interpretation on those subjects that deaden then more.
--J. Austen: Pride and Prejudice
上面幾個(gè)都是含非連續(xù)成分的句子,但非連續(xù)成分的構(gòu)成情況各不相同。例⑴句子中的主語(yǔ)A wild yell of jubilation和謂語(yǔ)went up被狀語(yǔ)to their surprise分隔,構(gòu)成主謂非連續(xù)成分,例⑵中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞might have seen和賓語(yǔ)a being被狀語(yǔ)among these heavy men分隔,構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓語(yǔ)非連續(xù)成分。例⑶中的中心詞puzzles和修飾語(yǔ)被分句的謂語(yǔ)arise分隔,構(gòu)成名詞中心詞和后置修飾非連續(xù)成分。例⑷不定式動(dòng)詞to dwell和該動(dòng)詞詞組的小品詞分隔,構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞副詞小品詞非連續(xù)成分。
在上面四種非連續(xù)成分中,最多見(jiàn)的是中心詞和后置修飾語(yǔ)非連續(xù)成分,這種連續(xù)成分比較復(fù)雜 。除上面例⑶講的中心詞和介詞短語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ)以外,還有以下各種情況。
1、中心詞是句子的主語(yǔ),其修飾語(yǔ)是關(guān)系分句,這個(gè)關(guān)系分句的主語(yǔ)又是關(guān)系代詞,這種關(guān)系分句往往可與中心詞分隔。例如:
Some things have been done that ought to have been done long ago.
2、中心詞是主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),同時(shí)被兩個(gè)后置修飾語(yǔ)修飾,其中一個(gè)修飾語(yǔ)
把中心詞和另一個(gè)修飾語(yǔ)分隔。例如:
I've got something important to say.
There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.
The enterprises and property in China of the Japanese aggressors and the chief traitors were confiscated.
Is there anything you want that you have not?
從這幾個(gè)例句看,造成非連續(xù)成分產(chǎn)生的可能是形容詞,副詞后置修飾語(yǔ),介詞短語(yǔ)后置修飾語(yǔ),關(guān)系分句后置修飾語(yǔ)等。
3、中心詞是主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),狀語(yǔ)或插入成分把中心詞和修飾語(yǔ)分隔。例如:
There are a lot of people at the bus stop waiting for the bus.
They found a room there to put up for the night.
"Here is the man, " he said, "who told us the good news yesterday."
at the bus stop, there都是狀語(yǔ),he said是插入成分,它們把中心詞和修飾語(yǔ)分隔,產(chǎn)生了非連續(xù)成分。
4、中心詞位于句首,而修飾它的后置修飾語(yǔ)又需置于謂語(yǔ)之后,兩者不得不分開(kāi) 。這種情況多見(jiàn)于疑問(wèn)代詞作中心詞的句子中。例如:
What did he want to say about it?
Who is there to be criticized?
研究上面所舉的所有例句,我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn),英語(yǔ)句子中的非連續(xù)成分主要由兩個(gè)原因造成的,一個(gè)是插入語(yǔ)導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)生非連續(xù)成分,另一個(gè)是為了使句子結(jié)構(gòu)平衡,防止句子產(chǎn)生頭重腳輕而產(chǎn)生了非連續(xù)成分。
含非連續(xù)成分的英語(yǔ)句子的運(yùn)用,有時(shí)與修辭因素有關(guān),即運(yùn)用非連續(xù)成分是為了提高英語(yǔ)句子的修辭表達(dá)效果 。例如:
I shall propose several sorts of formulations and propose that such sub-collection structures of terms are a resource in the sensitivity to topic of the selection of place formulations.
--E. A. Schlegloff: Notes on a Conversational Practice
從語(yǔ)法上講in the sensitivity to topic完全可以省略,但句子所含的信息量會(huì)隨之減少,而這一信息在交際中卻是十分必要的。運(yùn)用非連續(xù)成分我們不但不覺(jué)得句子羅嗦,而且還覺(jué)得行文精確,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,言簡(jiǎn)意賅。再如:
With the establishment during the last century and the flourishing during the present of a modern tradition in American literature, the authority of English opinion and usage has diminished.
--A. Baugh et al: A History of the English Language
顯然,在這個(gè)句子中,非連續(xù)成分的運(yùn)用與句子結(jié)構(gòu)平衡有否無(wú)關(guān),during the last century和during the present的運(yùn)用主要是為了增加信息量,使信息更有效地傳遞。它們的運(yùn)用并不給人冗贅的感覺(jué),而是行文清晰精煉,結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),語(yǔ)義表達(dá)確切嚴(yán)密 。
不過(guò),使用英語(yǔ)非連續(xù)成分切忌弄巧成拙,以免引起不必要的誤解。例如:
The only person beside the teacher who knew the matter was the monitor.
在這個(gè)句子中,beside the teacher的位置會(huì)導(dǎo)致句子的意思產(chǎn)生歧義,因?yàn)閣ho knew the matter可理解為修飾person,也可理解為修飾teacher,實(shí)際上beside the teacher是狀語(yǔ),應(yīng)置句首:Beside the teacher the only person who knew the matter was the monitor.再如:
Who is the man reading a newspa-pe-r next to the woman?
該句中,next to the woman可理解為man的后置修飾語(yǔ),也可理解為newspa-pe-r的后置修飾語(yǔ),句子是歧義句,意思含糊不清。應(yīng)該換一種含非連續(xù)成分的句子來(lái)表達(dá):Who is the man next to the woman reading a newspa-pe-r? 這個(gè)句子沒(méi)有歧義,非連續(xù)成分的運(yùn)用使句子語(yǔ)義表達(dá)清楚,這才是非連續(xù)成分運(yùn)用的目的之一。
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