數(shù)據(jù)庫常用sql語句有哪些
數(shù)據(jù)庫常用sql語句有哪些
結(jié)構(gòu)化查詢語言簡稱SQL,是一種特殊目的的編程語言,是一種數(shù)據(jù)庫查詢和程序設(shè)計語言,用于存取數(shù)據(jù)以及查詢、更新和管理關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)。下面是小編整理的數(shù)據(jù)庫常用sql語句有哪些,歡迎大家分享。
數(shù)據(jù)庫常用sql語句
Student(S#,Sname,Sage,Ssex) 學生表
Course(C#,Cname,T#) 課程表
SC(S#,C#,score) 成績表
Teacher(T#,Tname) 教師表
問題:
1、查詢“001”課程比“002”課程成績高的所有學生的學號;
select a.S# from (select s#,score from SC where C#='001') a,(select s#,score
from SC where C#='002') b
where a.score>b.score and a.s#=b.s#;
2、查詢平均成績大于60分的同學的學號和平均成績;
select S#,avg(score)
from sc
group by S# having avg(score) >60;
3、查詢所有同學的學號、姓名、選課數(shù)、總成績;
select Student.S#,Student.Sname,count(SC.C#),sum(score)
from Student left Outer join SC on Student.S#=SC.S#
group by Student.S#,Sname
4、查詢姓“李”的老師的個數(shù);
select count(distinct(Tname))
from Teacher
where Tname like '李%';
5、查詢沒學過“葉平”老師課的同學的學號、姓名;
select Student.S#,Student.Sname
from Student
where S# not in (select distinct( SC.S#) from SC,Course,Teacher where SC.C#=Course.C# and Teacher.T#=Course.T# and Teacher.Tname='葉平');
6、查詢學過“001”并且也學過編號“002”課程的同學的學號、姓名;
select Student.S#,Student.Sname from Student,SC where Student.S#=SC.S# and SC.C#='001'and exists( Select * from SC as SC_2 where SC_2.S#=SC.S# and SC_2.C#='002');
7、查詢學過“葉平”老師所教的所有課的同學的學號、姓名;
select S#,Sname
from Student
where S# in (select S# from SC ,Course ,Teacher where SC.C#=Course.C# and Teacher.T#=Course.T# and Teacher.Tname='葉平' group by S# having count(SC.C#)=(select count(C#) from Course,Teacher where Teacher.T#=Course.T# and Tname='葉平'));
8、查詢課程編號“002”的成績比課程編號“001”課程低的所有同學的學號、姓名;
Select S#,Sname from (select Student.S#,Student.Sname,score ,(select score from SC SC_2 where SC_2.S#=Student.S# and SC_2.C#='002') score2
from Student,SC where Student.S#=SC.S# and C#='001') S_2 where score2<score;
9、查詢所有課程成績小于60分的同學的學號、姓名;
select S#,Sname
from Student
where S# not in (select Student.S# from Student,SC where S.S#=SC.S# and score>60);
10、查詢沒有學全所有課的同學的學號、姓名;
select Student.S#,Student.Sname
from Student,SC
where Student.S#=SC.S# group by Student.S#,Student.Sname having count(C#) <(select count(C#) from Course);
11、查詢至少有一門課與學號為“1001”的同學所學相同的同學的學號和姓名;
select S#,Sname from Student,SC where Student.S#=SC.S# and C# in select C# from SC where S#='1001';
12、查詢至少學過學號為“001”同學所有一門課的其他同學學號和姓名;
select distinct SC.S#,Sname
from Student,SC
where Student.S#=SC.S# and C# in (select C# from SC where S#='001');
13、把“SC”表中“葉平”老師教的課的成績都更改為此課程的平均成績;
SC set score=(select avg(SC_2.score)
from SC SC_2
where SC_2.C#=SC.C# ) from Course,Teacher where Course.C#=SC.C# and Course.T#=Teacher.T# and Teacher.Tname='葉平');
14、查詢和“1002”號的同學學習的課程完全相同的其他同學學號和姓名;
select S# from SC where C# in (select C# from SC where S#='1002')
group by S# having count(*)=(select count(*) from SC where S#='1002');
15、刪除學習“葉平”老師課的SC表記錄;
Delect SC
from course ,Teacher
where Course.C#=SC.C# and Course.T#= Teacher.T# and Tname='葉平';
16、向SC表中插入一些記錄,這些記錄要求符合以下條件:沒有上過編號“003”課程的同學學號、2、
號課的平均成績;
Insert SC select S#,'002',(Select avg(score)
from SC where C#='002') from Student where S# not in (Select S# from SC where C#='002');
17、按平均成績從高到低顯示所有學生的“數(shù)據(jù)庫”、“企業(yè)管理”、“英語”三門的課程成績,按如下形式顯示: 學生ID,,數(shù)據(jù)庫,企業(yè)管理,英語,有效課程數(shù),有效平均分
SELECT S# as 學生ID
,(SELECT score FROM SC WHERE SC.S#=t.S# AND C#='004') AS 數(shù)據(jù)庫
,(SELECT score FROM SC WHERE SC.S#=t.S# AND C#='001') AS 企業(yè)管理
,(SELECT score FROM SC WHERE SC.S#=t.S# AND C#='006') AS 英語
,COUNT(*) AS 有效課程數(shù), AVG(t.score) AS 平均成績
FROM SC AS t
GROUP BY S#
ORDER BY avg(t.score)
18、查詢各科成績最高和最低的分:以如下形式顯示:課程ID,最高分,最低分
SELECT L.C# As 課程ID,L.score AS 最高分,R.score AS 最低分
FROM SC L ,SC AS R
WHERE L.C# = R.C# and
L.score = (SELECT MAX(IL.score)
FROM SC AS IL,Student AS IM
WHERE L.C# = IL.C# and IM.S#=IL.S#
GROUP BY IL.C#)
AND
R.Score = (SELECT MIN(IR.score)
FROM SC AS IR
WHERE R.C# = IR.C#
GROUP BY IR.C#
);
19、按各科平均成績從低到高和及格率的百分數(shù)從高到低順序
SELECT t.C# AS 課程號,max(course.Cname)AS 課程名,isnull(AVG(score),0) AS 平均成績
,100 * SUM(CASE WHEN isnull(score,0)>=60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/COUNT(*) AS 及格百分數(shù)
FROM SC T,Course
where t.C#=course.C#
GROUP BY t.C#
ORDER BY 100 * SUM(CASE WHEN isnull(score,0)>=60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/COUNT(*) DESC
20、查詢?nèi)缦抡n程平均成績和及格率的百分數(shù)(用"1行"顯示): 企業(yè)管理(001),馬克思(002),OO&UML (003),數(shù)據(jù)庫(004)
SELECT SUM(CASE WHEN C# ='001' THEN score ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE C# WHEN '001' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 企業(yè)管理平均分
,100 * SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '001' AND score >= 60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '001' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 企業(yè)管理及格百分數(shù)
,SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '002' THEN score ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE C# WHEN '002' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 馬克思平均分
,100 * SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '002' AND score >= 60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '002' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 馬克思及格百分數(shù)
,SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '003' THEN score ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE C# WHEN '003' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS UML平均分
,100 * SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '003' AND score >= 60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '003' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS UML及格百分數(shù)
,SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '004' THEN score ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE C# WHEN '004' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 數(shù)據(jù)庫平均分
,100 * SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '004' AND score >= 60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '004' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 數(shù)據(jù)庫及格百分數(shù)
FROM SC
21、查詢不同老師所教不同課程平均分從高到低顯示
SELECT max(Z.T#) AS 教師ID,MAX(Z.Tname) AS 教師姓名,C.C# AS 課程ID,MAX(C.Cname) AS 課程名稱,AVG(Score) AS 平均成績
FROM SC AS T,Course AS C ,Teacher AS Z
where T.C#=C.C# and C.T#=Z.T#
GROUP BY C.C#
ORDER BY AVG(Score) DESC
22、查詢?nèi)缦抡n程成績第 3 名到第 6 名的學生成績單:企業(yè)管理(001),馬克思(002),UML (003),數(shù)據(jù)庫(004)
[學生ID],[學生姓名],企業(yè)管理,馬克思,UML,數(shù)據(jù)庫,平均成績
SELECT DISTINCT top 3
SC.S# As 學生學號,
Student.Sname AS 學生姓名 ,
T1.score AS 企業(yè)管理,
T2.score AS 馬克思,
T3.score AS UML,
T4.score AS 數(shù)據(jù)庫,
ISNULL(T1.score,0) + ISNULL(T2.score,0) + ISNULL(T3.score,0) + ISNULL(T4.score,0) as 總分
FROM Student,SC LEFT JOIN SC AS T1
ON SC.S# = T1.S# AND T1.C# = '001'
LEFT JOIN SC AS T2
ON SC.S# = T2.S# AND T2.C# = '002'
LEFT JOIN SC AS T3
ON SC.S# = T3.S# AND T3.C# = '003'
LEFT JOIN SC AS T4
ON SC.S# = T4.S# AND T4.C# = '004'
WHERE student.S#=SC.S# and
ISNULL(T1.score,0) + ISNULL(T2.score,0) + ISNULL(T3.score,0) + ISNULL(T4.score,0)
NOT IN
(SELECT
DISTINCT
TOP 15 WITH TIES
ISNULL(T1.score,0) + ISNULL(T2.score,0) + ISNULL(T3.score,0) + ISNULL(T4.score,0)
FROM sc
LEFT JOIN sc AS T1
ON sc.S# = T1.S# AND T1.C# = 'k1'
LEFT JOIN sc AS T2
ON sc.S# = T2.S# AND T2.C# = 'k2'
LEFT JOIN sc AS T3
ON sc.S# = T3.S# AND T3.C# = 'k3'
LEFT JOIN sc AS T4
ON sc.S# = T4.S# AND T4.C# = 'k4'
ORDER BY ISNULL(T1.score,0) + ISNULL(T2.score,0) + ISNULL(T3.score,0) + ISNULL(T4.score,0) DESC);
23、統(tǒng)計列印各科成績,各分數(shù)段人數(shù):課程ID,課程名稱,[100-85],[85-70],[70-60],[<60]
SELECT SC.C# as 課程ID, Cname as 課程名稱
,SUM(CASE WHEN score BETWEEN 85 AND 100 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS [100 - 85]
,SUM(CASE WHEN score BETWEEN 70 AND 85 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS [85 - 70]
,SUM(CASE WHEN score BETWEEN 60 AND 70 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS [70 - 60]
,SUM(CASE WHEN score < 60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS [60 -]
FROM SC,Course
where SC.C#=Course.C#
GROUP BY SC.C#,Cname;
24、查詢學生平均成績及其名次
SELECT 1+(SELECT COUNT( distinct 平均成績)
FROM (SELECT S#,AVG(score) AS 平均成績
FROM SC
GROUP BY S#
) AS T1
WHERE 平均成績 > T2.平均成績) as 名次,
S# as 學生學號,平均成績
FROM (SELECT S#,AVG(score) 平均成績
FROM SC
GROUP BY S#
) AS T2
ORDER BY 平均成績 desc;
25、查詢各科成績前三名的記錄:(不考慮成績并列情況)
SELECT t1.S# as 學生ID,t1.C# as 課程ID,Score as 分數(shù)
FROM SC t1
WHERE score IN (SELECT TOP 3 score
FROM SC
WHERE t1.C#= C#
ORDER BY score DESC
)
ORDER BY t1.C#;
26、查詢每門課程被選修的學生數(shù)
select c#,count(S#) from sc group by C#;
27、查詢出只選修了一門課程的全部學生的學號和姓名
select SC.S#,Student.Sname,count(C#) AS 選課數(shù)
from SC ,Student
where SC.S#=Student.S# group by SC.S# ,Student.Sname having count(C#)=1;
28、查詢男生、女生人數(shù)
Select count(Ssex) as 男生人數(shù) from Student group by Ssex having Ssex='男';
Select count(Ssex) as 女生人數(shù) from Student group by Ssex having Ssex='女';
29、查詢姓“張”的學生名單
SELECT Sname FROM Student WHERE Sname like '張%';
30、查詢同名同性學生名單,并統(tǒng)計同名人數(shù)
select Sname,count(*) from Student group by Sname having count(*)>1;;
31、1981年出生的學生名單(注:Student表中Sage列的類型是datetime)
select Sname, CONVERT(char (11),DATEPART(year,Sage)) as age
from student
where CONVERT(11),DATEPART(year,Sage))='1981';
32、查詢每門課程的平均成績,結(jié)果按平均成績升序排列,平均成績相同時,按課程號降序排列
Select C#,Avg(score) from SC group by C# order by Avg(score),C# DESC ;
33、查詢平均成績大于85的所有學生的學號、姓名和平均成績
select Sname,SC.S# ,avg(score)
from Student,SC
where Student.S#=SC.S# group by SC.S#,Sname having avg(score)>85;
34、查詢課程名稱為“數(shù)據(jù)庫”,且分數(shù)低于60的`學生姓名和分數(shù)
Select Sname,isnull(score,0)
from Student,SC,Course
where SC.S#=Student.S# and SC.C#=Course.C# and Course.Cname='數(shù)據(jù)庫'and score<60;
35、查詢所有學生的選課情況;
SELECT SC.S#,SC.C#,Sname,Cname
FROM SC,Student,Course
where SC.S#=Student.S# and SC.C#=Course.C# ;
36、查詢?nèi)魏我婚T課程成績在70分以上的姓名、課程名稱和分數(shù);
SELECT distinct student.S#,student.Sname,SC.C#,SC.score
FROM student,Sc
WHERE SC.score>=70 AND SC.S#=student.S#;
37、查詢不及格的課程,并按課程號從大到小排列
select c# from sc where scor e<60 order by C# ;
38、查詢課程編號為003且課程成績在80分以上的學生的學號和姓名;
select SC.S#,Student.Sname from SC,Student where SC.S#=Student.S# and Score>80 and C#='003';
39、求選了課程的學生人數(shù)
select count(*) from sc;
40、查詢選修“葉平”老師所授課程的學生中,成績最高的學生姓名及其成績
select Student.Sname,score
from Student,SC,Course C,Teacher
where Student.S#=SC.S# and SC.C#=C.C# and C.T#=Teacher.T# and Teacher.Tname='葉平' and SC.score=(select max(score)from SC where C#=C.C# );
41、查詢各個課程及相應的選修人數(shù)
select count(*) from sc group by C#;
42、查詢不同課程成績相同的學生的學號、課程號、學生成績
select distinct A.S#,B.score from SC A ,SC B where A.Score=B.Score and A.C# <>B.C# ;
43、查詢每門功成績最好的前兩名
SELECT t1.S# as 學生ID,t1.C# as 課程ID,Score as 分數(shù)
FROM SC t1
WHERE score IN (SELECT TOP 2 score
FROM SC
WHERE t1.C#= C#
ORDER BY score DESC
)
ORDER BY t1.C#;
44、統(tǒng)計每門課程的學生選修人數(shù)(超過10人的課程才統(tǒng)計)。要求輸出課程號和選修人數(shù),查詢結(jié)果按人數(shù)降序排列,查詢結(jié)果按人數(shù)降序排列,若人數(shù)相同,按課程號升序排列
select C# as 課程號,count(*) as 人數(shù)
from sc
group by C#
order by count(*) desc,c#
45、檢索至少選修兩門課程的學生學號
select S#
from sc
group by s#
having count(*) > = 2
46、查詢?nèi)繉W生都選修的課程的課程號和課程名
select C#,Cname
from Course
where C# in (select c# from sc group by c#)
47、查詢沒學過“葉平”老師講授的任一門課程的學生姓名
select Sname from Student where S# not in (select S# from Course,Teacher,SC where Course.T#=Teacher.T# and SC.C#=course.C# and Tname='葉平');
48、查詢兩門以上不及格課程的同學的學號及其平均成績
select S#,avg(isnull(score,0)) from SC where S# in (select S# from SC where score<60 group="" by="" having="">2)group by S#;
49、檢索“004”課程分數(shù)小于60,按分數(shù)降序排列的同學學號
select S# from SC where C#='004'and score<60 order by score desc;
50、刪除“002”同學的“001”課程的成績
from Sc where S#='001'and C#='001';
一、SQL語言簡介
1、SQL語言簡介
SQL是結(jié)構(gòu)化查詢語言(Structured Query Language),是用于訪問和處理數(shù)據(jù)庫的標準的計算機語言。
SQL語言的功能如下:
A、SQL面向數(shù)據(jù)庫執(zhí)行查詢
B、SQL可從數(shù)據(jù)庫取回數(shù)據(jù)
C、SQL可在數(shù)據(jù)庫中插入新的記錄
D、SQL可更新數(shù)據(jù)庫中的數(shù)據(jù)
E、SQL可從數(shù)據(jù)庫刪除記錄
F、SQL可創(chuàng)建新數(shù)據(jù)庫
G、SQL可在數(shù)據(jù)庫中創(chuàng)建新表
H、SQL可在數(shù)據(jù)庫中創(chuàng)建存儲過程
I、SQL可在數(shù)據(jù)庫中創(chuàng)建視圖
J、SQL可以設(shè)置表、存儲過程和視圖的權(quán)限
SQL是一門ANSI的標準計算機語言,用來訪問和操作數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)。SQL語句用于取回和更新數(shù)據(jù)庫中的數(shù)據(jù)。SQL可與數(shù)據(jù)庫程序協(xié)同工作,比如MS Access、DB2、Informix、MS SQL Server、Oracle、MySQL、Sybase以及其他數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)。
每一種數(shù)據(jù)庫有自己版本的SQL語言,但是為了與ANSI標準相兼容,SQL必須以相似的方式共同地來支持一些主要的關(guān)鍵詞(比如 SELECT、UPDATE、DELETE、INSERT、WHERE等等)。
除了SQL標準之外,大部分SQL數(shù)據(jù)庫程序都擁有自己的私有擴展。
2、SQL語言分類
SQL語言分為數(shù)據(jù)定義語言、數(shù)據(jù)控制語言、數(shù)據(jù)操作語言、數(shù)據(jù)查詢語言,分別實現(xiàn)對數(shù)據(jù)庫數(shù)據(jù)操作。
二、SQL語言基礎(chǔ)
1、數(shù)據(jù)定義語言(DDL)
DDL:Data Definition Language
用于定義和管理數(shù)據(jù)對象,包括數(shù)據(jù)庫、數(shù)據(jù)表、函數(shù)、視圖、索引、觸發(fā)器等。例如:CREATE、DROP、ALTER等語句。
create table student
(
sid INT,
sname var20)
);
alter table student add age int default 20;
student;
drop database student;
2、數(shù)據(jù)控制語言(DCL)
DCL:Data Control Language
用來管理數(shù)據(jù)庫的語言,包含授權(quán)用戶訪問、拒絕用戶訪問、撤銷授予的權(quán)限。例如:GRANT、DENY、REVOKE、COMMIT、ROLLBACK等語句。
創(chuàng)建用戶
create user ‘wang’@‘localhost’ identified by ‘a(chǎn)1!’;
權(quán)限設(shè)置
grant select on db.student to ‘wang’@‘localhost’;
撤銷權(quán)限
revoke select on db.student from ‘wang’@‘localhost’;
3、數(shù)據(jù)操作語言(DML)
DML:Data Manipulation Language
用于操作數(shù)據(jù)庫對象中所包含的數(shù)據(jù),增、刪、改。例如:INSERT、DELETE、UPDATE語句。
4、數(shù)據(jù)查詢語言(DQL)
DQL:Data Query Language
用于查詢數(shù)據(jù)庫對象中所包含的數(shù)據(jù),能夠進行單表查詢、連接查詢、嵌套查詢,以及集合查詢等各種復雜程度不同的數(shù)據(jù)庫查詢,并將數(shù)據(jù)返回到客戶機中顯示。例如:SELECT語句。
三、常量和變量
1、常量
A、字符常量
字符串常量使用單引號或雙引號,數(shù)值常量不用加引號。
如果字符串常量中需要換行、有單引號、雙引號 % _
前面需要加轉(zhuǎn)義字符
換行
’ 一個單引號
” 一個雙引號
一個 如果沒有轉(zhuǎn)義字符 就認為是一個轉(zhuǎn)義字符
% 一個% 如果沒有轉(zhuǎn)義字符就認為這是一個通配符
_ 一個_ 如果沒有轉(zhuǎn)移字符 就認為是一個通配符
select ‘hanli’gang001’
select ‘han ligang001’
select ‘han ligang001’
select “han"ligang001”
select “韓立剛001”
B、數(shù)值常量
數(shù)值常量不用添加引號,
select 100+100+200
C、布爾常量
布爾型常量取值 true 和 false
在SQL中使用1和0表示
select true,false
在表達式中
select 100>200
select 100<200
2、變量
用戶自定義變量使用@開始,使用set給變量賦值。
set @name=‘孫悟空’;
select @name;
select * from student;
into student values (6,‘孫悟空’,20);
into student values (8,@name,20);
set @sid=9,@nid=10
into student values (@sid,@name,20);
select @sid+@nid;
set @sid=@sid+1;
select @sid;
set @sname3=(select sname from student where sid=9);
select @sname3;
3、系統(tǒng)變量
系統(tǒng)變量分為全局系統(tǒng)變量和會話系統(tǒng)變量。
全局系統(tǒng)變量:針對所有默認設(shè)置
會話系統(tǒng)變量:針對當前用戶生效,用戶登錄MySQL會使用全局系統(tǒng)變量,如果會話中更改了變量值,使用更改后的值,不過只針對當前用戶生效。
show variables 顯示會話系統(tǒng)變量
show global variables 顯示全局系統(tǒng)變量
show session variables 顯示會話系統(tǒng)變量
show global variables like ‘sql_select_limit’;使用通配符顯示匹配的變量設(shè)置
show session variables like ‘sql_select_limit’;系統(tǒng)變量使用@@標識
select @@global.sql_select_limit 查看某個全局系統(tǒng)變量設(shè)置
select @@session.sql_select_limit 查看某個會話系統(tǒng)變量設(shè)置
set @@session.sql_select_limit=2 設(shè)置會話系統(tǒng)變量
全局系統(tǒng)變量需要在/etc/my.cnf配置文件中修改。
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