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美國CPA考試知識(shí)點(diǎn):聯(lián)邦個(gè)人所得稅體系

美國CPA考試知識(shí)點(diǎn):聯(lián)邦個(gè)人所得稅體系

  眾所周知,在REG的考試中,聯(lián)邦稅法的內(nèi)容占到了60%以上的分值,而個(gè)人所得稅更是重中之重?梢哉f,掌握個(gè)稅知識(shí)是通過REG考試的充分必要條件。

  回顧公式框架:

  Gross Income 總收入

  (Adjustment) 調(diào)整項(xiàng) (符合相關(guān)規(guī)定的費(fèi)用,可以從總收入中抵減)

  Adjusted Gross Income 調(diào)整后總收入(AGI)

  (Standard Deduction) 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)扣除

  Or (二者間取金額較高的一方進(jìn)行扣除)

  (Itemized Deduction) 逐項(xiàng)扣除

  (Exemption) 免稅額度

  Taxable Income 應(yīng)稅收入

  首先一起來看一下Gross Income的計(jì)算。

  Gross Income主要包括:勞務(wù)與工薪所得、股息所得、財(cái)產(chǎn)租賃所得、營業(yè)所得、資本利得、退休年金所得等。大家可以根據(jù)Form 1040個(gè)人所得稅表的Income欄進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)(Form 1040 Line7-22)下面簡單的介紹一下Becker教材中提到的Gross Income的主要項(xiàng)目:

  1. Compensation for services(包括工資薪酬,獎(jiǎng)金小費(fèi),債務(wù)減免,廉價(jià)購買,guaranteed payment, 應(yīng)稅的福利收入)

ItemIncome
Property receivedFMV
Bargain purchasesFMV-Price Paid
Guaranteed Payments/Money/BonusValue of Cash Received
Life insurance premiumsException: Group-term life insurance coverage of $50,000 or less.

  2. Interest Income(使用附表Schedule B,通常情況,利息收入都是應(yīng)稅的,除了以下的三類情況)

  - Tax exempt interest income

  State and local government bonds/obligations

  Bonds of a U.S. possession

  Series EE (U.S. savings bond)

  3. Dividend Income(使用附表Schedule B,通常情況,股利收益都是應(yīng)稅的,但是有較低的稅率0%,15%,20%)

  - Taxable Dividend(Cash= amount received; Property = FMV)

  - Tax-Free Distributions(Return of Capital, Stock Split, Stock Dividend,Life Insurance Dividend)

  4. State and Local Tax Refunds(根據(jù)去年使用的是Itemized Deduction或者Standard Deduction,來確定州/地方的退稅是否應(yīng)稅。)

  5. Payments Pursuant to a Divorce

  - Alimony/Spousal Support(Taxable)

  - Child Support (Nontaxable)

  - Property Settlement (Nontaxable)

  6. Business Income Or Loss(使用附表Schedule C或者C-EZ來申報(bào)私營業(yè)主的相關(guān)營業(yè)收入)

  7. Farming Income(使用附表Schedule F來申報(bào)農(nóng)業(yè)收入)

  8. Gains and Losses on Disposition of Property (變賣資產(chǎn)后的利得和損失)

  9. IRA Income (根據(jù)IRA的類型,來確認(rèn)個(gè)人退休賬戶收入是否應(yīng)稅。)

  - Traditional IRA distributions: taxable as ordinary income

  - Roth IRA distributions: nontaxable

  - Nondeductible IRA distribution: Principal - Nontaxable

  Accumulated earnings – Taxable

  10. Annuities(年金投資的情況,投資資本返還的部分是非稅的,超過投資資本的部分是應(yīng)稅的。)

  - Non-taxable part = investment amount / recovering months number

  - Taxable part = any amount exceeding the non-taxable part (monthly)

  11. Rental/ passive activity Income(使用附表Schedule E來申報(bào)被動(dòng)收入,包括租金,版稅,合伙企業(yè)、LLC、S Corp的收入,遺產(chǎn)及信托的'收入等)

  12. Unemployment Compensation(失業(yè)補(bǔ)償金,都是應(yīng)稅的。相對(duì)來說,worker’s compensation是非稅的。)

  13. Social Security Income(根據(jù)收入的不同,社會(huì)保障福利是部分應(yīng)稅的,最高是85%應(yīng)稅。)

  - 如果AGI + 免稅利息收入+ 50% of the social security benefits低于Single $25,000/MFJ $32,000,則全部社會(huì)保障福利都是非稅的;

  - 如果AGI + 免稅利息收入+ 50% of the social security benefits收入高于Single $34,000/MFJ $44,000,則85%社會(huì)保障福利是應(yīng)稅的。)

  14. Taxable Miscellaneous Income(其他應(yīng)稅的雜項(xiàng)收入)

  - Prizes and Awards獎(jiǎng)金和獎(jiǎng)品

  - Gambling Winnings賭博收入

  - Business Recoveries為了補(bǔ)償損失利潤的收入

  - Punitive Damages懲罰性賠償

  15. Partially Taxable Miscellaneous Items(部分應(yīng)稅的雜項(xiàng)收入,這里特指獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金。如果滿足一定要求,那么獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金就是不應(yīng)稅的。如果沒有滿足要求,那么獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金就可能算到應(yīng)稅收入中。)

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