美國CPA考試知識(shí)點(diǎn):聯(lián)邦個(gè)人所得稅體系
美國CPA考試知識(shí)點(diǎn):聯(lián)邦個(gè)人所得稅體系
眾所周知,在REG的考試中,聯(lián)邦稅法的內(nèi)容占到了60%以上的分值,而個(gè)人所得稅更是重中之重?梢哉f,掌握個(gè)稅知識(shí)是通過REG考試的充分必要條件。
回顧公式框架:
Gross Income 總收入
(Adjustment) 調(diào)整項(xiàng) (符合相關(guān)規(guī)定的費(fèi)用,可以從總收入中抵減)
Adjusted Gross Income 調(diào)整后總收入(AGI)
(Standard Deduction) 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)扣除
Or (二者間取金額較高的一方進(jìn)行扣除)
(Itemized Deduction) 逐項(xiàng)扣除
(Exemption) 免稅額度
Taxable Income 應(yīng)稅收入
首先一起來看一下Gross Income的計(jì)算。
Gross Income主要包括:勞務(wù)與工薪所得、股息所得、財(cái)產(chǎn)租賃所得、營業(yè)所得、資本利得、退休年金所得等。大家可以根據(jù)Form 1040個(gè)人所得稅表的Income欄進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)(Form 1040 Line7-22)下面簡單的介紹一下Becker教材中提到的Gross Income的主要項(xiàng)目:
1. Compensation for services(包括工資薪酬,獎(jiǎng)金小費(fèi),債務(wù)減免,廉價(jià)購買,guaranteed payment, 應(yīng)稅的福利收入)
Item | Income |
Property received | FMV |
Bargain purchases | FMV-Price Paid |
Guaranteed Payments/Money/Bonus | Value of Cash Received |
Life insurance premiums | Exception: Group-term life insurance coverage of $50,000 or less. |
2. Interest Income(使用附表Schedule B,通常情況,利息收入都是應(yīng)稅的,除了以下的三類情況)
- Tax exempt interest income
State and local government bonds/obligations
Bonds of a U.S. possession
Series EE (U.S. savings bond)
3. Dividend Income(使用附表Schedule B,通常情況,股利收益都是應(yīng)稅的,但是有較低的稅率0%,15%,20%)
- Taxable Dividend(Cash= amount received; Property = FMV)
- Tax-Free Distributions(Return of Capital, Stock Split, Stock Dividend,Life Insurance Dividend)
4. State and Local Tax Refunds(根據(jù)去年使用的是Itemized Deduction或者Standard Deduction,來確定州/地方的退稅是否應(yīng)稅。)
5. Payments Pursuant to a Divorce
- Alimony/Spousal Support(Taxable)
- Child Support (Nontaxable)
- Property Settlement (Nontaxable)
6. Business Income Or Loss(使用附表Schedule C或者C-EZ來申報(bào)私營業(yè)主的相關(guān)營業(yè)收入)
7. Farming Income(使用附表Schedule F來申報(bào)農(nóng)業(yè)收入)
8. Gains and Losses on Disposition of Property (變賣資產(chǎn)后的利得和損失)
9. IRA Income (根據(jù)IRA的類型,來確認(rèn)個(gè)人退休賬戶收入是否應(yīng)稅。)
- Traditional IRA distributions: taxable as ordinary income
- Roth IRA distributions: nontaxable
- Nondeductible IRA distribution: Principal - Nontaxable
Accumulated earnings – Taxable
10. Annuities(年金投資的情況,投資資本返還的部分是非稅的,超過投資資本的部分是應(yīng)稅的。)
- Non-taxable part = investment amount / recovering months number
- Taxable part = any amount exceeding the non-taxable part (monthly)
11. Rental/ passive activity Income(使用附表Schedule E來申報(bào)被動(dòng)收入,包括租金,版稅,合伙企業(yè)、LLC、S Corp的收入,遺產(chǎn)及信托的'收入等)
12. Unemployment Compensation(失業(yè)補(bǔ)償金,都是應(yīng)稅的。相對(duì)來說,worker’s compensation是非稅的。)
13. Social Security Income(根據(jù)收入的不同,社會(huì)保障福利是部分應(yīng)稅的,最高是85%應(yīng)稅。)
- 如果AGI + 免稅利息收入+ 50% of the social security benefits低于Single $25,000/MFJ $32,000,則全部社會(huì)保障福利都是非稅的;
- 如果AGI + 免稅利息收入+ 50% of the social security benefits收入高于Single $34,000/MFJ $44,000,則85%社會(huì)保障福利是應(yīng)稅的。)
14. Taxable Miscellaneous Income(其他應(yīng)稅的雜項(xiàng)收入)
- Prizes and Awards獎(jiǎng)金和獎(jiǎng)品
- Gambling Winnings賭博收入
- Business Recoveries為了補(bǔ)償損失利潤的收入
- Punitive Damages懲罰性賠償
15. Partially Taxable Miscellaneous Items(部分應(yīng)稅的雜項(xiàng)收入,這里特指獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金。如果滿足一定要求,那么獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金就是不應(yīng)稅的。如果沒有滿足要求,那么獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金就可能算到應(yīng)稅收入中。)
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