英語論文格式要求

　　一、文獻(xiàn)引用(統(tǒng)一按 APA 格式規(guī)范夾注)

　　(一)引用基本常識

　　1、如引用到某作者的話語或觀點(diǎn)，需在句中或括號內(nèi)注明該作者姓氏(last name) 。

　　2、直接引用的，需在直接引用話語部分加雙引號(quotation marks)，并注明頁碼。

　　3、在所引用的話語后加括號(parentheses)需在其后加句號(period)。

　　4、中文作者在正文中夾注要求用作者姓氏漢語拼音，按英文 APA規(guī)范夾注。

　　(二)具體規(guī)范和示例

　　1、間接引用

　　A. 引用單一作者的著作的(Single author),可有以下幾種引用方式：

　　In 1989, Jorgensen compared formal interviews to carefully constructed questionnaires. OR

　　Jorgensen (1989) compared formal interviews to carefully constructed questionnaires. OR

　　Jorgensen compared formal interviews to carefully constructed questionnaires (1989). OR

　　Jorgensen stated, “Formal interviews produced optimal results in several situations” (1989, p. 23).

　　Smith (2023) surveyed this phenomenon.

　　A famous survey of this phenomenon (Smith, 2023) showed that....

　　In 2023, Smith demonstrated that..

　　B. 引用兩位共同作者著作的(Citing Works by Two Authors)，如用括號則需在兩作者之間加表示“and”的符號“(&)”;如無括號則 用 and.”，如:

　　According to the study, 25% of people prefer cats over dogs (Smith & Brown, 2023). OR

　　Smith and Brown (2023) surveyed this phenomenon.

　　In 1992, Leonard and Trent argued that interviews have produced reliable information. OR

　　Leonard and Trent (1992) argued that interviews have produced reliable information. OR

　　The Arawaks had been living on the island for several thousand years (Leonard & Trent, 1992).

　　C. 引用文獻(xiàn)為三到五位作者的(Citing Works by Three, Four, or Five Authors.)， 第一次引用的需注明所有作者，接下來再引用的則只需注明第一位作者的姓(surname)并加 “ et al.”表示，注意加句號(with a period)，如：

　　• A recent survey (Smith, Brown, & Black, 2023) showed.... [first reference]

　　• Smith et al. (2023) showed [second reference]

　　• Bourne et al. (1994) found that this kind of activity “compares favorably to the national level of outdoor recreation” (p. 83).

　　D. 文獻(xiàn)來源為不同時(shí)期多位作者的，按主要作者姓氏字母順序列出，并用分號“;”(semicolons)分開，如：

　　These data are consistent with other studies concerning this topic

　　(Greenfield, 1990; Patterson, 1997; Smith & Jones, 1992).

　　Several studies (Balda, 1980; Kamil, 1988; Pepperberg &Funk, 1990)

　　E. 引用團(tuán)體作者(corporate author)的作品，括號夾注中應(yīng)使用團(tuán)體的名稱，如：

　　Retired officers retain access to all of the university's educational and recreational facilities (Columbia University, 1987, p. 54).

　　F. 引用文獻(xiàn)源自采訪、郵件、電話等觀點(diǎn)或文字的(Personal communication: interviews, letters, e-mails, phone conversations, etc.)屬不可追溯檢索信息，不必在參考文獻(xiàn)中列出，如：

　　Trent Presto (personal interview, November 5, 2023) found the work rewarding. OR

　　V. G. Nguyen (E-mail, September 25, 2023) confirmed these statistics stating again that the margin of error was less than 1 percent.

　　G. 文中引用出現(xiàn)同一姓氏的(Citing Works by Authors Who Have the Same Surname

　　)，應(yīng)在姓氏前加注其名首字母用以區(qū)分，如：

　　R. D. Luce (1959) and P. A. Luce (1986) also found

　　J. M. Goldberg and Neff (1961) and M. E. Goldberg and Wurtz (1972) studied.

　　如為同一姓氏中文作者，APA格式為：(W.Y. Wang, 2023)， (L.F. Wang, 2023, p. 213)

　　H. 引用無作者文獻(xiàn)(Citing Works with No Author)，如果文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)題沒有出現(xiàn)在正文里，則括號夾注中應(yīng)使用該標(biāo)題或者(如果標(biāo)題過長的話)使用該標(biāo)題中的關(guān)鍵詞組(選擇標(biāo)題開始部分的詞組)，如：

　　•“Survey of Asian Men (2023)....

　　•…a recent study (Hipic and Female, 2023)....

　　I. 引用同一作者同一年不同文獻(xiàn)的(Citing Multiple Works Written in the Same Year by the Same Author)，則需在年份后加(a, b, c)(同參考文獻(xiàn))。對應(yīng)的Reference List:

　　Jensen, D. (2023a). A work to be admired. New York, NY: Smith Publishing.

　　Jensen, D. (2023b). Yet more works to be admired . New York, NY: Smith Publishing.

　　J. 無出版日期文獻(xiàn)(Citing Works with No Date of Publication)，用“ (n.d.) ”表示，如：

　　Brown’s study (n.d) showed that kittens are visually pleasing…

　　K. 無頁碼文獻(xiàn)(Citing Works without Page Numbers)，如引用內(nèi)容來自電子資源的，引用源自某“部分”(..section)或“段落”(para.)序號加以注明，如：

　　• (Smith, 2023, para. 5)

　　• (Brown, 2023, Introduction section, para. 1)

　　L. 引用來自電子網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源的(Electronic source)，需注明整個(gè)網(wǎng)址：

　　Kidspsych is a wonderful interactive Web site for children ().

　　M. 引用翻譯文獻(xiàn)

　　間接引用格式為： (Author Surname, Year Originally Published/Year of Translation)，如 ：

　　(Laplace, 1814/1951)

　　直接引用格式為：(Author Surname, Year Originally Published/Year of Translation, page number)，如：

　　(Laplace, 1814/1951, p. 148)

　　注：對應(yīng)的在參考文獻(xiàn)中References其格式為:

　　Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Translator

　　First Initial. Second Initial. Surname, Trans.). Place of Publication: Publisher.

　　(Original work published Year).

　　References:

　　Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities (F. W. Truscott &

　　F. L. Emory, Trans.). New York, NY: Dover. (Original work published 1814).

　　N. 引用文學(xué)作品和經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)

　　(1)在引用劇本時(shí)應(yīng)標(biāo)出引文的幕、場、行，如：

　　In his famous advice to players, Shakespeare’s Hamlet defines the purpose of theater, “whose end, both at the first and now, was and is, to hold, as ‘twere, the mirror up to nature” (3.2.21-23).也可用III.ii.23，分別表示第三幕第二場第23行.

　　這里的括號夾注表示引文來自劇本第三幕第二場的21至23行。(注意標(biāo)點(diǎn)的使用。)

　　When Homer’s Odysseus comes to the hall of Circe, he finds his men “mild / in her soft spell, fed on her drug of evil” (10.209-11).

　　這里的括號夾注表示引文來自詩歌第10節(jié)的209至211行。對不分節(jié)的詩第一次引用時(shí)應(yīng)說明括號里標(biāo)的是行數(shù)，使用“line”，以后的引用則不需再說明。例如：

　　第一次引用：(lines 5-8);以后的引用：(12-13)

　　例子里的括號夾注表示引文來自該書第二冊第十章的第117頁。(注意標(biāo)點(diǎn)和縮略語的使用。)

　　(3)引用小說

　　在引用有章節(jié)、分冊的小說的時(shí)候，應(yīng)標(biāo)出引文所在的頁碼、冊數(shù)、章節(jié)，如：

　　One of Kingsolver’s narrators, teenager Rachel, pushes her vocabulary beyond its limits. For example, Rachel complains that being forced to live in the Congo with her missionary family is “a sheer tapestry of justice” because her chances of finding a boyfriend are “dull and void” (117; bk. 2, ch. 10).

　　如果論文是有關(guān)小說評論，因一般都需從同一小說中反復(fù)引用，為方便起見，在第一次引用后用圓括弧注明頁碼，在加一個(gè)尾注，用上標(biāo)標(biāo)出。尾注說明格式如下例。以后每次從該小說引用后， 只注明頁碼即可, 毋需再加尾注。

　　例：In six months’ time, he was tramped into marriage with her, though “he had no respect for her.” (p. 40)1

　　尾注格式 (NOTES):

　　1. All the quotations from the novel are taken from : Thomas Hardy. Jude the Obscure. Oxford: OUP. 1991

　　在引用《圣經(jīng)》、《可蘭經(jīng)》等經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)的時(shí)候，應(yīng)標(biāo)出引文的篇、章、節(jié)，如：

　　Consider the words of Solomon: “If your enemies are hungry, give them food to eat. If they are thirsty, give them water to drink” (Bible, Prov. 25. 21).

　　例子里的括號夾注表示引文來自舊約《圣經(jīng)》的《箴言》篇第25章第21節(jié)�！妒ソ�(jīng)》各篇的縮寫有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的寫法，因而使用時(shí)應(yīng)該注意核對。

　　O. 引用中文作者文獻(xiàn)

　　在用英文撰寫論文的過程中，如果要引用中文文獻(xiàn)，不能寫作者的全名(如Hu Zhuanglin, 1994)，也不能直接用中文(如胡壯麟，1994或胡，1994)，應(yīng)為按英文論文的引文格式引用。一般的學(xué)術(shù)期刊都會提供期刊名稱及文獻(xiàn)題目的英文翻譯，作者不要自己隨便翻譯。 比如：

　　For example, text studies in the 1960s and early 1970s were more or less concerned with “text grammar” and textual “grammaticality” (Hu, 1994，pp. 5-6).

　　These scholars chose to study coherence as a social phenomenon, rather than a mental phenomenon (Zhu & Yan, 2023).

　　P. 轉(zhuǎn)引，即非直接從原著作中引用，而是轉(zhuǎn)引自他人曾引用的內(nèi)容，應(yīng)使用“as cited in…”注明. 如：

　　Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993) provided a glimpse into the world

　　注：在參考文獻(xiàn)部分，僅將轉(zhuǎn)引的文獻(xiàn)信息列出，不需將原作者及文獻(xiàn)信息列出。

　　Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-route an parallel-distributedprocessing approaches. Psychological Review, 100, 589-608.

　　R. 引用文獻(xiàn)圖表，需在圖表下用Figure/Table(Number)標(biāo)識，并附Note說明，如：

　　(1)文內(nèi)夾注(在圖表下方加 Note. 說明

　　Note. From Evaluating the effectiveness of best management practices using dynamic modeling. by D,. Ackerman and E.D.Stein, 2023, Journal of Environmental Engineering, 134(8), p.629. (引自期刊)

　　Note. From [or the data in column # are from] Thermophysical properties of fluids p.113, by M.J. Assael, 1998, London: Imperial College Press. (引自書籍著作)

　　Note. From [or the data in column # are from] International Merchandise Imports, Australia, Jan 2023, Australian Bureau of Satatistics. (來自網(wǎng)絡(luò))

　　(2)參考文獻(xiàn)(與上對應(yīng))

　　Ackerman, D., & Stein, E.D. (2023). Evaluating the effectiveness of best management practices using dynamic modeling. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 134(8), 629-639. (來自期刊)

　　Assael, M. (1998). Thermophysical properties of fluids. London: Imperial College Press. (來自書籍)

　　Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2023). International Merchandise Imports Australia, January 2023 (No. 5439.0), Retrieved February 18, 2023 from @.nsf/mf/5439.0?OpenDocument

　　注：如為自己繪制圖表，一般應(yīng)用“Table # +A brief but clear explanatory title.”(此處為斜體)表示;或Figure#. +Descriptive caption for figure.

　　(二)直接引用

　　1、直接引用文獻(xiàn)部分內(nèi)容少于40個(gè)單詞(Quotes less than 40 words)，如：

　　Rossett (1995) states that needs assessment is conducted “when the instructional technologist is trying to respond to a request for assistance” (p. 184).

　　Interviews and observations are frequently used needs assessment tools. Especially, observations are “a very useful tool for finding out what is really happening at work” (Rossett, 1995, p. 191).

　　Programmed instruction, initially developed by Sydney Pressey and populated by B. F. Skinner, “presents new instructional content to learners in a controlled sequence” (Chyung, 2023, pp. 24-25).

　　Distinct differences are seen between data gathered for male and female subjects in the first study (Beech & Moen, 1994, Figure 2).

　　To facilitate the shift from teacher-centered to student-centered learning, written materials that accompany distance courses should include concept maps and advance organizers, as demonstrated by the Kawakami method (Kawakami, 1996, Chapter 5).

　　注： 直接引用的必須加注頁碼，除非文獻(xiàn)來自電子網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源。加括號表明所引用部分為文中非作者個(gè)人話語或觀點(diǎn)，應(yīng)在引號之外。另外，括號內(nèi)“(作者，年份，頁碼)”各單項(xiàng)之間需加逗號“，”(commas)。 最后，注意 “p.” 是用來表示引用來自某一頁，而 “pp.” 表示引用某頁碼范圍內(nèi)的多頁。但如果涉及到圖表章節(jié)等時(shí)，所用詞figure, chapter, table and equation需在文內(nèi)夾注中寫出。

　　2. 直接引用文獻(xiàn)內(nèi)容為40個(gè)單詞以上的，使用 block quote format，需另起一行，并左右懸掛縮進(jìn)五個(gè)空格，注意句號應(yīng)置于括號前，不必加引號。如:

　　Rossett (1995) points out the importance of examining records and outcomes:

　　The examination of extant data is a wonderful needs assessment tool because it is inexpensive. This tool takes the instructional technologist across the organization in search of the natural outcomes of effective and ineffective performance. It involves asking colleagues for the data that automatically flow from their work. The only challenge is to convince colleagues that they ought to release that information to you.

　　(p. 192)

　　二、文后參考文獻(xiàn)格式規(guī)范(REFERENCES，英文在前，中文在后)

　　(一)英文文獻(xiàn)格式要求

　　1、基本要求

　　A. 參考文獻(xiàn)中英文作者的姓與名。注意應(yīng)使用姓氏在前，隨后為名字的首字母而非全名，如： YES