初中英語(yǔ)句子成分
初中英語(yǔ)句子成分
英語(yǔ)句子成分和中文是基本一樣的,但是有一點(diǎn)差異,只要了解其中的不同,就能輕松學(xué)會(huì)如何表達(dá)英文句子!
句子成分精講
句子成分:主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)等。
主要成分:主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)
1、主語(yǔ)
一個(gè)句子中需要加以說(shuō)明或描述的對(duì)象。主語(yǔ)的位置:
一般位于句首,由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞、短語(yǔ)等充當(dāng)。
The school is far from here. 名詞做主語(yǔ)
She goes to school by bike.
Eight is a lucky number.
The blind need more help.代詞做主語(yǔ) 數(shù)詞做主語(yǔ) 名詞化的形容詞做主語(yǔ)
There is a pen on the desk. 名詞做主語(yǔ)
Predicting the future is interesting.
To be a doctor is my dream.
2、謂語(yǔ)
表示人或事物(主語(yǔ))的動(dòng)作和存在的狀態(tài).
英語(yǔ)中由動(dòng)詞be、動(dòng)詞have和行為動(dòng)詞來(lái)充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 句子的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)是通過(guò)謂語(yǔ)表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。
謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞往往由一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的構(gòu)成。
分析句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)
Mr. Li teaches English.
He can play the piano.
My parents and I are having dinner.
3、表語(yǔ)
用來(lái)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、特征、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)。
表語(yǔ)的位置
用在動(dòng)詞be和系動(dòng)詞的后面。
名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞等都可以和連系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)。
Your pen is on the desk.
He got very angry.
My dream is to have a robot.
動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ) 不定式短語(yǔ)做主語(yǔ)
常見(jiàn)的系動(dòng)詞
1. be動(dòng)詞
2. 與感覺(jué)有關(guān)的動(dòng)詞 look, sound, smell, taste, feel 等
3. 表示狀態(tài)變化的動(dòng)詞,意為“變得” “變成” 如 get, grow, turn等
上述兩類詞作連系動(dòng)詞時(shí)要用形容詞作表語(yǔ),千萬(wàn)不能用副詞。
4、賓語(yǔ)
是動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承受者。及物動(dòng)詞:直接接賓語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞.
不及物動(dòng)詞:不能直接帶賓語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞.
賓語(yǔ)可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、從句構(gòu)成.
I saw a plane in the sky just now.
I want three. 名詞做賓語(yǔ) 數(shù)詞做賓語(yǔ)
I like going shopping. 動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)
We think predicting the future is hard.
5、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(賓補(bǔ)) 賓語(yǔ)從句
有些及物動(dòng)詞除了要有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)之外, 還須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如果沒(méi)有補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(賓補(bǔ)), 有時(shí)候句子的意思就不完整。 充當(dāng)賓補(bǔ)的有:
1. 形容詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
The sun keeps us warm.
2. 介詞短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):
I found her in the room.
3. 副詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
Please let him in.
4. 名詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
We made him monitor of the class.
5. 動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞也能用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
I asked him to come.
6、定語(yǔ)
定語(yǔ)修飾名詞或代詞(即在漢語(yǔ)里的……的)
1. 形容詞作定語(yǔ)(一般放在被修飾語(yǔ)之前,修飾不定代詞時(shí)放在后面)
They have a clever son.
I have something important to tell you.
2. 名詞作定語(yǔ):
Is it a color film?
名詞作定語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)形式, 如:
school bus, ticket office, paper flowers
但也有例外,如: sports meeting, clothes shop
man 和 woman修飾的名詞如果是復(fù)數(shù),它們總以復(fù)數(shù)的形式作定語(yǔ),如:
men drivers , women doctors
3. 代詞作定語(yǔ):
This song is better than that one.
4. 數(shù)詞作定語(yǔ):
There are only thirty students in our class.
帶有數(shù)字的復(fù)合形容詞.當(dāng)復(fù)合形容詞用連字號(hào)連接時(shí),其中的名詞要用單數(shù)形式.
a two-day holiday a three-year-old boy
5. 副詞作定語(yǔ)():
Do you know the young man over there?
6. 介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)(The students in our class like swimming.
7、狀語(yǔ)
修飾動(dòng)詞,形容詞或副詞,有的修飾全句, 用以說(shuō)明地點(diǎn), 時(shí)間, 方式, 程度, 原因, 目的, 結(jié)果, 條件, 讓步等.
1. 副詞作狀語(yǔ):
The old man is walking slowly.
The boy is very clever.
2. 介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ):表方式 表程度
I have lived in Shanghai for five years.
3. 不定式作狀語(yǔ) 表時(shí)間
I come here to see you.
4. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ) 表目的
The teacher came in, holding a book in his hand. 表方式
5. 狀語(yǔ)從句
We’ll go shopping if it doesn’t rain tomorrow.
狀語(yǔ)的位置
1. 在一般情況下,用于句末。
We like our school very much.
2.為了強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ),可以把它放在句首.
I usually get up at six, but this morning I got up at eight.
3. 表頻度的副詞通常用于句中, 如always, usually, often, hardly, never,
用于行為動(dòng)詞前,be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后
I usually get up early.
He is often late.
一些副詞, 如already, once, just, soon, yet, still, nearly, almost, really, suddenly, certainly等用法相似
sometimes, now可以位于句首,句中或句末
only 在句中的位置比較靈活, 但位置不同, 意義也不同.
The actor only sang a song.
Only the actor sang a song.
The actor sang only one song.
兩個(gè)或多個(gè)狀語(yǔ)同時(shí)修飾時(shí)的順序
1. 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)在前, 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)在后.
We will have a meeting in Room 202 tomorrow.
2. 較小單位的狀語(yǔ)在前,由小到大
Mr. Li lives at 88 Chongwen Rd., Suzhou, Jiangsu.
3. 一個(gè)句子有幾個(gè)不同種類的副詞作狀語(yǔ), 其順序大都是: 程度副詞,方式副詞, 地點(diǎn)副詞, 時(shí)間副詞
She sang very well at the meeting last night.
時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)也可以位于句首, 表示強(qiáng)調(diào)或使上下文更為連貫
Usually I read the newspapers in the morning, but yesterday I read them in the evening.
動(dòng)詞-ed形式作定語(yǔ),表語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)
一、動(dòng)詞-ed形式作定語(yǔ)
過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)往往與被修飾的詞靠得很緊,漸漸地成為一個(gè)復(fù)合詞。這種分詞叫分詞形容詞(the Participle Adjective),實(shí)際上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)單純的形容詞,除表示“完成”的動(dòng)作之外,還表示“被動(dòng)”的意義。如:
spoken English (英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ));iced beer (冰凍啤酒);cooked food (熟食); fried chips (炸土豆條);
但要注意不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞常表示“完成”的動(dòng)作,而不表示“被動(dòng)”意義。如: boiled water(開(kāi)水); fallen leaves(落葉) ; the risen sun(升起的太陽(yáng))等。
(1)前置定語(yǔ) 單個(gè)的動(dòng)詞-ed形式,一般放在被修飾的名詞的前面,作前置定語(yǔ)。 激動(dòng)的人們沖進(jìn)大樓。(=the people who were excited)
.虛度的時(shí)光,無(wú)法挽回。(=time which is lost)
(2)后置定語(yǔ) ①少數(shù)單個(gè)動(dòng)詞的-ed形式,如left等,只能作后置定語(yǔ)。
1. Everything used should be marked.所有用過(guò)的東西應(yīng)該做好標(biāo)記。
2. Among the invited were some ladies.被邀請(qǐng)的人中,有些是女士。
3. The books left are for my students.剩下的書(shū)是給我的學(xué)生的。
、趧(dòng)詞-ed形式短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí),通常要放在被修飾的名詞的后面,在意思上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)用來(lái)表示被動(dòng),可改為帶被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句;不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞(僅限于單個(gè)過(guò)去分詞,且不能后置)則表示完成,可改為帶有完成時(shí)態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句。
1. Is there anything planned for tonight? 今晚有什么活動(dòng)嗎? (=that has been planned for tonight)
2. The meeting, attended by a lot of people, was a success.這次會(huì)議有很多人出席,開(kāi)得很成功。 (=which was attended by a lot of people) 我們喝了一些開(kāi)水后就繼續(xù)工作。 注意:這里的過(guò)去分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)是被修飾的詞,改為定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)與之一致。
二、動(dòng)詞-ed形式作表語(yǔ) 過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)并無(wú)“完成”或“被動(dòng)”之意,而是表示主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)或思想感情等。如: He looked worried after reading the letter.看完信后,他顯得很憂慮。
When we heard of it, we were deeply moved.當(dāng)我們聽(tīng)到這件事時(shí),被深深地感動(dòng)了。
He seemed quite delighted at the idea.聽(tīng)到這個(gè)想法,他似乎很高興。
常見(jiàn)的作表語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞有:
amused(愉快的); broken(碎了的);closed(關(guān)閉的);astonished(吃驚的);crowded(擁擠的);experienced(有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的); delighted(高興的');lost(丟失的);gone(遺失的);disappointed(失望的);worried(擔(dān)憂的);interested(感興趣的) tired(疲勞的) pleased(高興的);satisfied(滿意的); surprised(吃驚的); married(已婚的); known(著名的) 等等
三、動(dòng)詞-ed形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
能用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞一般都是及物動(dòng)詞,表示被動(dòng)意義或已完成意義,有時(shí)候兩者兼而有之。作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞與賓語(yǔ)有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,即賓語(yǔ)是過(guò)去分詞動(dòng)作的對(duì)象。
She found the door broken in when she came back.她回來(lái)時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)有人破門(mén)而人。
My grandfather had his old house rebuilt.我爺爺找人重修了一下他的舊房子。
少數(shù)不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞用作賓補(bǔ)時(shí),強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作完成后的狀態(tài).
They found all the guests gone when they woke up.當(dāng)他們醒來(lái)時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)所有的客人都走了。
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