帶介詞的定語從句
帶介詞的定語從句1
(1)表示地點(diǎn)，時(shí)間和原因的“介詞+which”分別相當(dāng)于 where，when，why。
I have found the book in which the names of all the early satellites are mentioned.(SEFC 2A L.55)(=I have found the book.The names of all the early satellites are mentioned in it.)
The earth on which /where we live is a planet.
I”ll never forget the day on which /when I joined the League.
I know a wood in which /where you can find roses.
Is there any reason for which /why you should have a holiday?
(2)way后常用that代替in which，也可省略that。
I really don”t like the way that he talks.
That was the way in which the old lady looked after us.
Do it the way I showed you.
2.“of +which”起形容詞的作用，相當(dāng)于whose(用來指物)，其詞序通常是“n.+of which”。
They live in a house whose door /the door of which opens to the south.
He”s written a book whose name /the name of which I”ve com- pletely forgotten.
3.可引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句
There is a rocket by which the direction of the satellite can be changed.
We carefully studied the photos，in which we could see signs of plant disease.
4.介詞的選擇(選擇介詞時(shí)須考慮下列情況)
1)介詞與先行詞的習(xí)慣搭配
There is no way in which it could be brought back to the earth.(in與way是習(xí)慣搭配)
2)介詞與定語從句中的動(dòng)詞，形容詞的習(xí)慣搭配
These are the wires with which different machines are connected.(be connected with是習(xí)慣搭配)
The author with whom all of us are familiar will visit our compa-ny.(be familiar with是習(xí)慣搭配)
3)同形的先行詞，或定語從句中的動(dòng)詞，形容詞表示不同的含義時(shí)，要根據(jù)其含義選用不同的介詞。
I can”t remember the age at which he won the prize.
That is the age in which people live in peace and happiness.
age在前句中意為“年歲”，與at搭配;在后句中意為“時(shí)期”，與 in搭配。
4)復(fù)雜介詞須保持其完整形式，常見的復(fù)雜介詞有on the top of，in the middle of，in front of，in spite of，at the back of，because of等。
We took a photo of rocket，the length of which was about 30me- tres.
Sound is a tool by means of which people communicate with each other.
They marched through the square，in the middle of which stood a monument.
5)短語動(dòng)詞中的介詞不可與動(dòng)詞分開提至關(guān)系代詞前。常見的.短語動(dòng)詞有l(wèi)isten to，look at，depend on，pay attention to，take care of，look into，break into，get rid of，take part in，make use of，take hold of，catch hold of，catch up with，get along with，look forward to等。此時(shí)可用which，who，whom或that，也可將他們省略。
(誤)This is the girl of whom he will take care.
(正)This is the girl whom he will take careof.
6)當(dāng)介詞與定語從句中的動(dòng)詞或形容詞聯(lián)系緊密(但不是短語動(dòng)詞)時(shí)，介詞也可放在動(dòng)詞或形容詞的后面。但當(dāng)介詞與從句中的動(dòng)詞或形容詞聯(lián)系不緊密時(shí)，則需將介詞置于關(guān)系代詞前。比較：
The space station which we drove to was in the desert.
I”ll never forget the day in which I joined the Party.
后句中的in若置于句尾則有“孤零零”之感，這時(shí)宜將介詞置于關(guān)系代詞前;而前句中的to則可后置。
5.關(guān)系代詞的選擇
用于介詞后的關(guān)系代詞只有which，whom，前者指物，后者指人。
There are many research stations on the earth in which outer space is studied.(which指代research stations)
We questioned the pilot，from whom we learnt that no other planes had been seen.(whom指代the pilot)
帶介詞的定語從句擴(kuò)展閱讀
帶介詞的定語從句（擴(kuò)展1）
——as 在定語從句的用法3篇
as 在定語從句的用法1
定語從句as的用法
一、用作連詞的as
1. 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，表示“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”，其用法與when和while類似。例如：As a child (When he was a child), she was sent to six different schools.此用法中as多表示從句與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行，意為“一邊……一邊……”，一般不與狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用。例如：She sang songs as she did her homework.
as 還可以表示一動(dòng)作緊接著另一動(dòng)作發(fā)生，說明另一動(dòng)作的結(jié)果，有“隨著……”的含義。例如：As time went by, we found he was an honest man./As he grew older, he lost interest in everything except gardening.
例1 It wasn’t until nearly a month later________ I received the manager’s re*.
A. since B. when C. as D. that
解析：本題的as中與when一起作為干擾項(xiàng)，容易使考生往時(shí)間狀語從句上思考，事實(shí)上本題是強(qiáng)調(diào)句，正確選項(xiàng)是D。
2. 引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，表示“由于，因?yàn)椤�，相�?dāng)于because, 但通常置于句首。例如： As he is a qualified doctor, I trust his advice on medical *.
例2 _____ modeling business is by no means easy to get into, the good model will always be in demand.
A. While B. Since C. As D. If
解析：本題中as干擾性很強(qiáng)，很多考生誤以為是原因狀語從句，但仔細(xì)分析不難發(fā)現(xiàn)正確答案應(yīng)是A(while表示“只要”)。
3. 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，通�？膳calthough或though通用，但語序不同，although或though用于句首，as用于倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：Young as I am, I already know what career I want to follow. /Although(或Though)I am young, I already know what career I want to follow. as 表示讓步用于倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，通常將從句的表語、狀語或動(dòng)詞前置。如果表語有冠詞a/an, 需去掉。例如：Great scholar as he is, he is lacking in common sense./Much as I like you, I couldn’t live with you. 例3 _____ he has limited technical knowledge, the older worker has a lot of experience.
A. SinceB. Unless C. As D. Although
解析：as 雖然有引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句用法，但本題不是倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，故正確答案應(yīng)是D。
4. 引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句，表示“如，像”。例如：When in Rome, do as Romans do./Do to others as you would have others do to you.
例4 We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn’t quite ________ as planned.
A. make outB. turn out C. go onD. come up
解析：本題考查動(dòng)詞詞組辨析，題干中的“as planned”給同學(xué)們提供了重要信息，答案選B。
5. 固定句型：“主句，as +be/do+主語”表示“也一樣”。例如：She’s unusually tall, as are both her parents./He’s a doctor, as was his wife before she had children.
二、用作介詞的as
1.表示“如，像”。例如：They got united as one man./She spoke of me as her dearest friend.
2.表示“作為、當(dāng)作”。例如：As a League member, you should think more of others.
3.與某些動(dòng)詞搭配，表示“把……當(dāng)作……”，如：look on…as…, regard…as…, treat…as…, consider…as…, think of…as…, see…as…等。其中consider…as…中的as可以省略。as與famous或known搭配，表示“作為……而出名”。
例5 Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, ________ as 3M.
A. knowingB. known C. being knownD. to be known
解析：如果熟悉be known as這一短語，運(yùn)用有關(guān)非謂語動(dòng)詞的常識，可選出正確答案B。
三、用作關(guān)系代詞的as
1. 引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，先行詞前通常有as, so, such, same等修飾語。例如：He will marry as pretty a girl as he can find./My hometown is no longer the same as it used to be./As many people as are present will be given a present.在此種用法中，同學(xué)們要注意與結(jié)果狀語從句的區(qū)別。比如：A: The teacher asked us such a difficult question that none of us could answer it. B: The teacher asked us such a difficult question as none of us could answer.A句為結(jié)果狀語從句，而B句則是定語從句。
2. 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，用來指代整個(gè)主句(即先行句)，表示“這一事實(shí)，那一情況”。從句可以位于句首、句中或句末。例如：We stand when the national anthem is played, as is the custom.
例6 ______ I explained on the telephone, your request will be considered at the next meeting.
A. When B. After C. As D. Since
解析：根據(jù)句意，選項(xiàng)C是正確答案。as表現(xiàn)的正是本點(diǎn)所講用法。
四、用作副詞的as
修飾形容詞或副詞，表示程度，意為“同樣地”。例如：He swims fast, but I swim just as fast. 但它通常構(gòu)成表示比較的結(jié)構(gòu)“asas”，“not asas”。此結(jié)構(gòu)中第一個(gè)as是副詞，第二個(gè)as是連詞。否定結(jié)構(gòu)中的副詞as可以由so代替。asas possible /one can也屬于此用法。例如：It is generally believed that teaching is as much an art as it is a science.
五、用在習(xí)語中的as
由as構(gòu)成的習(xí)語很多，常見的有：as soon as “一就”，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句;as/so long as “只要”引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句;as if/though “好像，仿佛”，引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句或表語從句;as to/ as for “至于，就而言”;as much/many as“多達(dá)”;as/so far as “就的限度”;as a result，as a result of “(由于的)結(jié)果”;as a matter of fact“事實(shí)上”;as well “也、還”;A as well as B“不但A而且B”;as it is“照現(xiàn)狀看，看樣子”，等等。這些習(xí)語在高考中可能經(jīng)常遇到，在高考題中有的作為正確選項(xiàng)，有的作為干擾項(xiàng)，有的出現(xiàn)在題干，值得同學(xué)們認(rèn)真掌握。例如：
例9 I would like a job which pays more, but ______ I enjoy the work I’m doing at the moment.
A. in other wordsB. on the other hand C. for one thing D. as a matter of fact 解析：選項(xiàng)D極具干擾意義，但進(jìn)一步研讀會發(fā)現(xiàn)本題中的兩個(gè)分句表達(dá)了一件事的兩個(gè)對立面，故選B。
例10 ——People should stop using their cars and start using public transport. ——______. The roads are too crowded as it is.
A. All right B. Exactly C. Go aheadD. Fine
解析：本題選項(xiàng)中雖沒有as內(nèi)容，但題干中的as it is卻是解題的關(guān)鍵信息，正確選項(xiàng)為B。
as 在定語從句的用法2
一、as引導(dǎo)定語從句與其它詞連用
A．用于the same．．．a(chǎn)s．．．結(jié)構(gòu)中
This is the same sickle as I lost yesterday．這把鐮刀和我昨天丟的那把一樣。
We drove out of the town by the same road as we had entered by．我們沿著進(jìn)城的同一道路開車出城。
This is the same material as is used in building the bridge．這和建那座橋所用的材料一樣。
注意：在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，as有時(shí)可以由that代替。例如：
I live in the same district as ／that he lives in．我和他住在同一區(qū)。
但兩者亦有區(qū)別：
1．當(dāng)定語從句省略謂語部分時(shí)，要用as。例如：
She uses the same scent as you（do）／that you do．她用的香水和你的一樣。
This book of his is the same as yours．他的這本書和你的那本一樣。
2．在容易引起歧義時(shí)，慎用as和that。例如：
This is the same knife as I lost last week．
（一般理解為：這把刀和我上周丟的那把相似。也可理解為：這是我上周丟的那把刀。）
This is the same knife that I lost last week．這是我上周丟的那把刀。
3．that在現(xiàn)代英語中可作關(guān)系副詞，而as則不可。例如：
I live in the same district that he lives．（不可用as。）
B．用于such．．．a(chǎn)s．．．結(jié)構(gòu)中
I never heard such stories as he tells．我從未聽過像他講的那種故事。
He was in such a fury as I've never seen．他怒氣之大，我從沒見過。
Such women as knew Tom thought he was charming．認(rèn)識湯姆的女人都認(rèn)為他很有魅力。
注：有時(shí)such和as連在一起用。例如：
We had hoped to give you a chance such as nobody else ever had．我們本希望給你一次別人不曾有過的機(jī)會。
We are living in a new era such as has never existed before．我們生活在前所未有的新時(shí)代。
C．用于“so＋adj．＋a（n）＋n．（單數(shù)）＋as結(jié)構(gòu)中
We witnessed so great a parade as nobody ever dreamt of in preliberation days．我們見到在**前沒有人曾經(jīng)夢想過的一次盛大的。
I'm not so strong a man as I was．我已不像從前一樣健康了。
He's never written again so good a book as his first one．他再也沒寫出像他的第一部那么好的書。
D．用于“as＋adj．＋n．＋as比較結(jié)構(gòu)中
He is as learned a professor as works in the uni- versity．他是在這所大學(xué)工作的教授中最有學(xué)問的一個(gè)。
Some people have no doubt that their cat understands as many words as does a dog．許多人相信他們的`貓跟狗懂的話一樣多。
They are as fine women as ever walked．她們可以與任何卓越的女性媲美。
注：as．．．a(chǎn)s．．．后面加上ever以加強(qiáng)語氣，表示“不亞于任何……”，“不弱于……”，有最高級的意味。又如：
He is as brave a man as ever lived．他是世界上最勇敢的人。
二、as單獨(dú)引導(dǎo)定語從句
A．a(chǎn)s單獨(dú)引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，先行詞可以是一個(gè)詞，但更為常見的是：它的先行詞是整個(gè)主句，有時(shí)也可以是一個(gè)短語。例如：
The two brothers were satisfied with this decision，as was agreed to beforehand兩兄弟對此決定都很滿意，這項(xiàng)決定事前已得到他們的同意。（先行詞是decision）
She is late，as is often the case．她遲到了，這是經(jīng)常的事。（先行詞是整個(gè)主句）
He married her，as was natural．他和她結(jié)婚了，這是很自然的。（先行詞是整個(gè)主句）
To shut your eyes to facts，as many of you do，is foolish．視而不見———你們好多人都是如此———是愚蠢的。（先行詞是整個(gè)不定式短語）
B．a(chǎn)s與which的區(qū)別
三、as引導(dǎo)定語從句的用法比較
1.as作為關(guān)系代詞可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句， 主要用于such...as，the same...as，so...as，as...as等結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：
�。�15）Let’s deal with such problems as concern us.
�。�16）The purpose of the conductor is to transmit the electrical energy with as little loss as is practicable.
�。�17）There are so many tickets available as are asked for.
�。�18）She wears the same watch as I do.（同一類）
�。�19）This is the same watch that I lost yesterday.（同一個(gè)）
在（15）句中，as指代such修飾的名詞“problem”，并在從句中作主語成分；（16）句中，第二個(gè)as指代第一個(gè)as所修飾的“l(fā)ittle loss”; （17） 句中as 指代so 修飾的名詞“tickets”; 在（18） 句中，as 指代“the same” 修飾的名詞“clothes”， 在從句中作賓語； 此情況下不能用that和which來代替as引導(dǎo)定語從句。
比 較：在（18）句中，as指代的先行詞表同一類，強(qiáng)調(diào)種類一樣。而在（19）中that指代的先行詞雖然也被“the same”修飾，但是此時(shí)先行詞表示同一個(gè)。
2.as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句比較。
as和which都可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，代替整個(gè)句子。但是具體使用方法是有區(qū)別的，請看下面的例句比較：
（20）As we known，Yao Ming is the most famous basketballplayer in China.
（21）The number of the people，as we had expected，was overthree thousand.
（22）The sun gives off light and warmth，which makes it possiblefor living creatures to grow.
（23）She is very beautiful，which makes others jealous.
（24）She is very kind to the children，which her husband seldomwas.
�。�25）He became a teacher，which I was not.
在（20）句中as放在了句首，所指代的內(nèi)容就是后面的一句話“Yao Ming is the most famous basketball player in China”；（21）句as放在了句中，同樣指代的是一句話“The numberof the people was over three thousand”。從這兩個(gè)例句中我們發(fā)現(xiàn)as引導(dǎo)的從句和主句在內(nèi)容上表示一致， 或者說從句的內(nèi)容是順著主句的意思說下來的，有“就像”、“正如”之意。再看一下（22）句和（23）句，which的位置放在了句中，并且which引導(dǎo)的非限制定語從句是主句造成的一種結(jié)果。比如我們在翻譯（22）句時(shí)可以這樣理解：太陽**出光和熱，這使生物生長成為可能；當(dāng)然（23）句我們也可以這樣翻譯：她很漂亮，這使其他人和嫉妒。從（24）句和（25）句我們還可以看到which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的另一種用法，即which引導(dǎo)的非限制定語從句與主句內(nèi)容不一致， 或起對立、否定關(guān)系。
四、as引導(dǎo)狀語從句的用法比較
1.as，when和while作為連詞引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的比較。
若主、從句表示兩個(gè)同時(shí)進(jìn)行的持續(xù)性動(dòng)作，且強(qiáng)調(diào)主句表示的動(dòng)作延續(xù)到從句所指的整個(gè)時(shí)間， 通常要用while。但是，若主、從句表示的兩個(gè)同時(shí)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作含有“一邊……一邊”的意思，通常要用as。例如：
�。�26）Don’t talk while you’re eating.
（27）I kept silent while she was reading.
�。�28）She sang as she went along.
若從句是一個(gè)短暫性動(dòng)作，而主句是一個(gè)持續(xù)性動(dòng)作，一般用when。如果主、從句表示的是兩個(gè)同時(shí)（或幾乎同時(shí)）發(fā)生的短暫性動(dòng)作，一般要用as。例如：
（29）When he came in，I was watching TV.
�。�30）It was raining hard when he arrived.
�。�31）I had guessed it just as you opened your mouth.
若要表示兩個(gè)正在發(fā)展變化的情況， 相當(dāng)于漢語的“隨著”，一般用as。表示“每當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”（暗示一種規(guī)律性），一般要用when。例如：
�。�32）Situations are getting better and better as time goes on.
�。�33）As it grew darker，it became colder.
�。�34）It’s warm when sun shines.
�。�35）He smiled when I praised him.
2.as，though 和although 作為連詞引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的對比。
as引導(dǎo)讓步從句時(shí)，句子必須倒裝。常把被強(qiáng)調(diào)的作表語的形容詞、名詞及作狀語的副詞放句首，有時(shí)甚至把謂語動(dòng)詞放句首。though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語時(shí)，句子可以倒裝（倒裝方式和as一樣）也可以不倒裝。although引導(dǎo)讓步狀語時(shí)，只能用正常語序，不能倒裝。下面我們看一下例句（36）—（39）：
�。�36）Poor as/though they are，they are very ambitious.
�。�37）Child as/though he is，his behavior seems mature.
�。�38）Hard as/though he worked，he didn’t pass the exam.
�。�39）Try hard as/though he will，he is not successful.
3.as，because，since 和for 作為連詞引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句比較。
because引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句時(shí)語氣最強(qiáng)， 常表示必然的因果關(guān)系，從句是全句的重心，它引導(dǎo)的從句一般放在主句的后面， 并且回答以why引起的特殊疑問句；as只說明一般的因果關(guān)系，語氣比because弱，說明比較明顯的原因，它引導(dǎo)的從句通常放在句首，常意為“由于”；since意為“既然”，表示對方已經(jīng)知曉，無需加以說明的原因或事實(shí)（有時(shí)為天經(jīng)地義的事實(shí)或格言、諺語等），語氣比because稍弱，全句重點(diǎn)落在主句上；for是并列連詞，它的語氣最弱，常用來補(bǔ)充說明理由或提供一種解釋，一般放在句中，強(qiáng)調(diào)“理由”。下面我們看一下例句再一次進(jìn)行比較。
�。�40）He is absent today because he is ill.
�。�41）As everyone has arrived，we can set off now.
�。�42）I’ll do it for you since you are busy.
�。�43）We must leave now，for the film begins at seven.
4.as引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句用法。
as，（just） as...so...引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句通常位于主句后，但在（just） as...so...結(jié)構(gòu)中位于句首，這時(shí)as從句帶有比喻的含義，意思是“正如”、“就像”，多用于正式文體，例如：
�。�44）I shall do the exercises as you have been taught.
�。�45）As water is to fish，so air is to man.
�。�46）Just as we sweep our rooms，so we should sweep old ideas from our heads.
總之， 社會和英語語言的不斷發(fā)展給英語語法的歸納和研究帶來了很大的挑戰(zhàn)，也給語言學(xué)習(xí)者帶來了很多困難，但不管怎樣，只要我們在學(xué)習(xí)過程中不斷探索、勇往直前，一定能找到其中的規(guī)律， 幫助英語學(xué)習(xí)者消除英語學(xué)習(xí)中的重重障礙。
as 在定語從句的用法3
定語從句as的用法
一、用作連詞的as
1. 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，表示“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”，其用法與when和while類似。例如：As a child (When he was a child), she was sent to six different schools.此用法中as多表示從句與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行，意為“一邊……一邊……”，一般不與狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用。例如：She sang songs as she did her homework.
as 還可以表示一動(dòng)作緊接著另一動(dòng)作發(fā)生，說明另一動(dòng)作的結(jié)果，有“隨著……”的含義。例如：As time went by, we found he was an honest man./As he grew older, he lost interest in everything except gardening.
例1 It wasn’t until nearly a month later________ I received the manager’s re*.
A. since B. when C. as D. that
解析：本題的as中與when一起作為干擾項(xiàng)，容易使考生往時(shí)間狀語從句上思考，事實(shí)上本題是強(qiáng)調(diào)句，正確選項(xiàng)是D。
2. 引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，表示“由于，因?yàn)椤�，相�?dāng)于because, 但通常置于句首。例如： As he is a qualified doctor, I trust his advice on medical *.
例2 _____ modeling business is by no means easy to get into, the good model will always be in demand.
A. While B. Since C. As D. If
解析：本題中as干擾性很強(qiáng)，很多考生誤以為是原因狀語從句，但仔細(xì)分析不難發(fā)現(xiàn)正確答案應(yīng)是A(while表示“只要”)。
3. 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，通常可與although或though通用，但語序不同，although或though用于句首，as用于倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：Young as I am, I already know what career I want to follow. /Although(或Though)I am young, I already know what career I want to follow. as 表示讓步用于倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，通常將從句的表語、狀語或動(dòng)詞前置。如果表語有冠詞a/an, 需去掉。例如：Great scholar as he is, he is lacking in common sense./Much as I like you, I couldn’t live with you. 例3 _____ he has limited technical knowledge, the older worker has a lot of experience.
A. SinceB. Unless C. As D. Although
解析：as 雖然有引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句用法，但本題不是倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，故正確答案應(yīng)是D。
4. 引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句，表示“如，像”。例如：When in Rome, do as Romans do./Do to others as you would have others do to you.
例4 We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn’t quite ________ as planned.
A. make outB. turn out C. go onD. come up
解析：本題考查動(dòng)詞詞組辨析，題干中的“as planned”給同學(xué)們提供了重要信息，答案選B。
5. 固定句型：“主句，as +be/do+主語”表示“也一樣”。例如：She’s unusually tall, as are both her parents./He’s a doctor, as was his wife before she had children.
二、用作介詞的as
1.表示“如，像”。例如：They got united as one man./She spoke of me as her dearest friend.
2.表示“作為、當(dāng)作”。例如：As a League member, you should think more of others.
3.與某些動(dòng)詞搭配，表示“把……當(dāng)作……”，如：look on…as…, regard…as…, treat…as…, consider…as…, think of…as…, see…as…等。其中consider…as…中的as可以省略。as與famous或known搭配，表示“作為……而出名”。
例5 Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, ________ as 3M.
A. knowingB. known C. being knownD. to be known
解析：如果熟悉be known as這一短語，運(yùn)用有關(guān)非謂語動(dòng)詞的常識，可選出正確答案B。
三、用作關(guān)系代詞的as
1. 引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，先行詞前通常有as, so, such, same等修飾語。例如：He will marry as pretty a girl as he can find./My hometown is no longer the same as it used to be./As many people as are present will be given a present.在此種用法中，同學(xué)們要注意與結(jié)果狀語從句的區(qū)別。比如：A: The teacher asked us such a difficult question that none of us could answer it. B: The teacher asked us such a difficult question as none of us could answer.A句為結(jié)果狀語從句，而B句則是定語從句。
2. 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，用來指代整個(gè)主句(即先行句)，表示“這一事實(shí)，那一情況”。從句可以位于句首、句中或句末。例如：We stand when the national anthem is played, as is the custom.
例6 ______ I explained on the telephone, your request will be considered at the next meeting.
A. When B. After C. As D. Since
解析：根據(jù)句意，選項(xiàng)C是正確答案。as表現(xiàn)的正是本點(diǎn)所講用法。
四、用作副詞的as
修飾形容詞或副詞，表示程度，意為“同樣地”。例如：He swims fast, but I swim just as fast. 但它通常構(gòu)成表示比較的結(jié)構(gòu)“asas”，“not asas”。此結(jié)構(gòu)中第一個(gè)as是副詞，第二個(gè)as是連詞。否定結(jié)構(gòu)中的副詞as可以由so代替。asas possible /one can也屬于此用法。例如：It is generally believed that teaching is as much an art as it is a science.
五、用在習(xí)語中的as
由as構(gòu)成的習(xí)語很多，常見的有：as soon as “一就”，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句;as/so long as “只要”引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句;as if/though “好像，仿佛”，引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句或表語從句;as to/ as for “至于，就而言”;as much/many as“多達(dá)”;as/so far as “就的限度”;as a result，as a result of “(由于的)結(jié)果”;as a matter of fact“事實(shí)上”;as well “也、還”;A as well as B“不但A而且B”;as it is“照現(xiàn)狀看，看樣子”，等等。這些習(xí)語在高考中可能經(jīng)常遇到，在高考題中有的作為正確選項(xiàng)，有的作為干擾項(xiàng)，有的出現(xiàn)在題干，值得同學(xué)們認(rèn)真掌握。例如：
例9 I would like a job which pays more, but ______ I enjoy the work I’m doing at the moment.
A. in other wordsB. on the other hand C. for one thing D. as a matter of fact 解析：選項(xiàng)D極具干擾意義，但進(jìn)一步研讀會發(fā)現(xiàn)本題中的兩個(gè)分句表達(dá)了一件事的兩個(gè)對立面，故選B。
例10 ——People should stop using their cars and start using public transport. ——______. The roads are too crowded as it is.
A. All right B. Exactly C. Go aheadD. Fine
解析：本題選項(xiàng)中雖沒有as內(nèi)容，但題干中的as it is卻是解題的關(guān)鍵信息，正確選項(xiàng)為B。
帶介詞的定語從句（擴(kuò)展2）
——in which 定語從句3篇
in which 定語從句1
你的問題中提到的in which是屬于“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”型的定語從句.
關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中做介詞賓語時(shí),從句常由介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞（只用 whom /which）引導(dǎo)
The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.
= The school in which he once studied is very famous.
Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.
= Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.
We'll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.
= We'll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
in which 定語從句2
1.in which可以等于when,也可以等于where,但不會等于why.
關(guān)鍵是看定語從句中缺少時(shí)間狀語還是地點(diǎn)狀語.
2.例如：
1）I'll never forget these days in/during which I stayed with you.
= I'll never forget these days when I stayed with you.
我永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記我和你待在一起的日子.
其中：in/during which I stayed with you = when I stayed with you
= I stayed with you in/during which = I stayed with you in/during these days
2）This is the city in which I stayed last year.
= This is the city where I stayed last year.
這就是那個(gè)去年我待的地方.
其中：where I stayed last year = in which I stayed last year
= I stayed in which last year = I stayed in the city last year.
3.另外,有的in which找不到合適的關(guān)系副詞代替.
如：I dislike the way in which you treat me.
我不喜歡你對待我的方式.
其中：in which you treat me = you treat me in which
= you treat me in the way
4.for which = why
如：Can you tell me the reason why you were late?
= Can you tell me the reason for which you were late?
你能告訴我你遲到的原因嗎?
其中：why you were late = for which you were late
= you were late for which = you were late for the reason
in which 定語從句3
in which用于定語從句，作關(guān)系代詞，在句中要做成分
in which用于定語從句，作關(guān)系副詞，在句中不做成分，in which=where
in which只搜索能用在定語從句中，等于where,在定語從句中作狀語。
如：He lived in the house in which tomonce lived.
定語從句中如
This is the room in which we stayed
先行詞是room，后的句子是用來修飾room的
但是room不可做stay的成分，因?yàn)閟tay是不及物動(dòng)詞，后不可直接家賓語，所以要有個(gè)介詞.
其實(shí)上述的句子
This is the room which we stayed in.
這里的介詞是可以提到which前的
定語從句in which等的用法
in which,forwhich,onwhich,atwhich的不同用法
這些都是定語從句里面，由which引導(dǎo)的定語從句，介詞提前。
帶介詞的定語從句（擴(kuò)展3）
——where的定語從句3篇
where的定語從句1
where先行詞表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因，但關(guān)系詞指代先行詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語或賓語時(shí)，應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞that或which.如：
Ill never forget 1976 that / which was full of sadness.
�。ㄗ髦髡Z）
我不會忘記充滿悲哀的1976年。
I regret the days （that/which） I wasted in the woods.
�。ㄗ髻e語）
我后悔在森林里虛度的日子。
This is the factory that/which produces cars. （作主語）
這就是那個(gè)生產(chǎn)小汽車的工廠。
This is the factory （that/which） he visited yesterday.
�。ㄗ髻e語）
這就是他昨天參觀的工廠。
This is the reason that/which is unreasonable. （作主語）
這是一個(gè)沒道理的理由。
This is the reason （that/which） he raised. （作賓語）
這是他提出的理由。
2. 關(guān)系副詞有時(shí)相當(dāng)于 適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~+關(guān)系代詞。如：
① where=in/on which
This is the room where / in which he lives.
鞏固練習(xí)：
從A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出可填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。
1. I work in a business ______ almost everyone is waiting
for the great chance.（湖南2004）
A. how B. which C. where D. that
2. We are living in an age _______ many things are done
on com*r.（**2003春）
A. which B. that C. whose D. when
3. The film brought the hours back to me _______ I was
taken good care of in that far-away village.（NMET 2001）
A. until B. that C. when D. where
4. Is this the reason _____ at the meeting for his careless-
ness in his work？ （上海2002春）
A. he explained B. what he explained
C. how he explained D. why he explained
5. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the
small town ______ he grewup as a child. （NMET 1996）
A. which B. that C. where D. when
Key： 1-5 CDCAC
where的定語從句2
Where引導(dǎo)定語從句，先行詞不一定都表示地點(diǎn)
1. We will discuss a number of cases __ beginners of English fail to use the language preperly.
A.which B.as C.why D.where
2.He was driving so fast as to get himself into a dangerous situation ___he is likely to lose the control over his car.
A.which B.as C.why D.where
兩道題都選where ，但是case, situation都不是地點(diǎn)，如何理解？
在“先行詞不是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞”的前提下，如何判斷是否使用關(guān)系副詞where來引導(dǎo)定語從句的問題是一個(gè)高頻考點(diǎn)。就是說，關(guān)系副詞where所指代的先行詞不只是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞。
用Where引導(dǎo)定語從句，先行詞不一定都表示地點(diǎn)按照通常的理解，當(dāng)where引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，它的先行詞就是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，但事實(shí)并不是我們想象的那么簡單。很多情況下，where所指代的先行詞并不表示地點(diǎn)。
請看以下幾個(gè)例句：
1. Remember that the best relationship is one where your love for each other is greater than your need for each other.
請記住，最深的感情關(guān)系表現(xiàn)為彼此間的'愛超過彼此間的需要。
點(diǎn)評：這里where引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾先行詞one，也就是relationship (此處one指代的是relationship)。Relationship不是地點(diǎn)名詞，但此處卻用了where來引導(dǎo)，where在這里表示“在這樣的感情關(guān)系下”。從定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)來看，定語從句不缺主語和賓語，引導(dǎo)詞where在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)氖菭钫Z。
2. Cheating is most likely in situations where the vital interests are high and the chances of getting caught are low. 欺詐行為在這種情況下最有可能發(fā)生：利益重大，而且欺詐行為被發(fā)現(xiàn)的可能性小。
點(diǎn)評：句中的先行詞是situations，表示“情形，情況”，引導(dǎo)詞依然用的是where，表示“在這種情況之下”。這里的定語從句也是不缺主語或賓語的，where在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)氖菭钫Z。
3. Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people
will have to accept more “unnatural food”.除非人類能夠意識到要把人口減少到這樣的程度——使地球能為所有人提供足夠的食物，否則人們將不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。
點(diǎn)評：這里的先行詞是point，表示“某種程度，某種狀況”，引導(dǎo)詞where指代point，表示“在這種程度下”。這里定語從句也是不缺主語和賓語的，where在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)娜匀皇菭钫Z。
從上面三個(gè)例句中，我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)以下兩點(diǎn)：第一，即使先行詞不是表示地點(diǎn)的詞，定語從句也能夠使用關(guān)系副詞where來引導(dǎo)；第二，上面三個(gè)例句中，where分別指代relationship、situation和point，分別表示“在……關(guān)系中”“在……情況下”“達(dá)到……程度”，這些詞雖然不是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，但在從句中表達(dá)的是“某個(gè)點(diǎn)或狀態(tài)”的含義。我們可以把這類名詞解釋成“含有抽象地點(diǎn)意義的名詞”，此類詞也能用關(guān)系副詞where來進(jìn)行引導(dǎo)。
先行詞不表示地點(diǎn)時(shí)，如何判斷是否使用Where引導(dǎo)定語從句當(dāng)先行詞不是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞時(shí)，該如何判斷是否使用where引導(dǎo)定語從句呢？由上文給出的例句可知，含有抽象地點(diǎn)意義的名詞能用關(guān)系副詞where來引導(dǎo)，并且在每個(gè)例句的點(diǎn)評中都反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)“定語從句不缺主語和賓語，where在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)氖菭钫Z”。
由此，我們可以大膽地進(jìn)行引申和歸納，提出“當(dāng)先行詞不表示地點(diǎn)時(shí)，使用where引導(dǎo)定語從句”的判斷方法。首先，判斷定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)：定語從句應(yīng)該不缺少主語和賓語，而是缺少狀語。其次，觀察先行詞：先行詞是除了時(shí)間名詞(在這種情況下會用when)和原因名詞(在這種情況下會用why)以外的其他任何名詞。第二個(gè)條件之所以成立，是因?yàn)槎ㄕZ從句中的狀語成分一般就是由when、where和why等三個(gè)引導(dǎo)詞來引導(dǎo)的。
為了更深刻地理解這種判斷方法，請看以下幾個(gè)例句：
4. English is a fixed-word-order language where each phrase has a fixed position. 英語是一種“詞序固定”的語言，這種語言的特點(diǎn)就是每個(gè)短語都有固定的位置。
點(diǎn)評：首先，我們來判斷定語從句“each phrase has a fixed position”的結(jié)構(gòu)：該從句并不缺少主語和賓語，但是缺少狀語。其次，我們來看先行詞：先行詞是fixed-word-order language, 它既不表示時(shí)間，也不表示原因。由此可知，此處用where來指代先行詞，表示“在詞序固定這樣的語言中”。
5. At the Academy, Plato taught the students through the use of debates, where two or more people took different ideas of an argument. 在學(xué)院里，柏拉圖采用的教學(xué)方法是**辯論，在辯論中，兩個(gè)或多個(gè)學(xué)生各持一方觀點(diǎn)。
點(diǎn)評：首先，我們來判斷定語從句“two or morepeople took different ideas of an argument”的句子結(jié)構(gòu)：該從句不缺少主語和賓語，但是缺少狀語。其次，我們來看先行詞：先行詞是debates，它既不是時(shí)間名詞，也不是原因名詞。由此可知，此處應(yīng)用where引導(dǎo)定語從句，表示“在辯論中”。
6. However, being enthusiastic isn't for everyone and no one likes false enthusiasm, where a person pretends to be excited even about small points.然而，熱情并非適合每一個(gè)人，而且也沒有人喜歡那種連區(qū)區(qū)小事都假裝興奮的假熱情。
點(diǎn)評：首先，我們判斷定語從句“a person pretends to be excited even about small points”的句子結(jié)構(gòu)：該從句不缺少主語和賓語，但是缺少狀語。其次，我們來看先行詞：先行詞是false enthusiasm，它既不是時(shí)間名詞，也不是原因名詞。因而，此處用where來引導(dǎo)定語從句，表示“在虛假的熱情這種狀態(tài)下”。
通過對上面三個(gè)例句的點(diǎn)評，相信讀者已經(jīng)能夠掌握在先行詞不表示地點(diǎn)的情況下，如何判斷是否使用where來引導(dǎo)定語從句了。此外，我們需要仔細(xì)體會例句中where指代先行詞時(shí)所表達(dá)的含義，分別是“在……樣的語言中”“在……中”“在……樣的狀態(tài)下”，這些含義與第一節(jié)所舉的例子類似，都帶有抽象的地點(diǎn)意義。因而，我們在日后的學(xué)習(xí)和考試中應(yīng)當(dāng)謹(jǐn)記：
用where引導(dǎo)的定語從句，先行詞不一定是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，因?yàn)橄刃性~也可能是含有抽象地點(diǎn)意義的名詞。由此，我們總結(jié)如下：
先行詞是表示“地點(diǎn)”或任何含有“抽象地點(diǎn)意義”的名詞用where引導(dǎo)定語從句。
where的定語從句3
where先行詞表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因，但關(guān)系詞指代先行詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語或賓語時(shí)，應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞that或which.如：
Ill never forget 1976 that / which was full of sadness.
�。ㄗ髦髡Z）
我不會忘記充滿悲哀的1976年。
I regret the days （that/which） I wasted in the woods.
�。ㄗ髻e語）
我后悔在森林里虛度的日子。
This is the factory that/which produces cars. （作主語）
這就是那個(gè)生產(chǎn)小汽車的工廠。
This is the factory （that/which） he visited yesterday.
�。ㄗ髻e語）
這就是他昨天參觀的工廠。
This is the reason that/which is unreasonable. （作主語）
這是一個(gè)沒道理的理由。
This is the reason （that/which） he raised. （作賓語）
這是他提出的理由。
2. 關(guān)系副詞有時(shí)相當(dāng)于 適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~+關(guān)系代詞。如：
�、� where=in/on which
This is the room where / in which he lives.
鞏固練習(xí)：
從A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出可填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。
1. I work in a business ______ almost everyone is waiting
for the great chance.（湖南2004）
A. how B. which C. where D. that
2. We are living in an age _______ many things are done
on com*r.（**2003春）
A. which B. that C. whose D. when
3. The film brought the hours back to me _______ I was
taken good care of in that far-away village.（NMET 2001）
A. until B. that C. when D. where
4. Is this the reason _____ at the meeting for his careless-
ness in his work？ （上海2002春）
A. he explained B. what he explained
C. how he explained D. why he explained
5. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the
small town ______ he grewup as a child. （NMET 1996）
A. which B. that C. where D. when
Key： 1-5 CDCAC
帶介詞的定語從句（擴(kuò)展4）
——定語從句的基本用法3篇
定語從句的基本用法1
1、當(dāng)介詞放在關(guān)系代詞之前時(shí)。
2、在非限制性定語從句中。
3、當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞指整個(gè)主句的概念時(shí)。
定語從句的基本用法2
1、when時(shí)間狀語
注意：It/Ihis/That + be + the first/ second/ last time that… 只能用that,that可以省略，從句用相應(yīng)的完成時(shí)。
2、where 地點(diǎn)狀語
注意：當(dāng)先行詞為模糊的地點(diǎn)時(shí)，如point. Situation, case, position, stage, scene, spot, activity, family, job等名詞時(shí)用where.
3、why 原因狀語 先行詞為reason。
定語從句的基本用法3
1、介詞如何確定
(1)依據(jù)定語從句中動(dòng)詞的習(xí)慣搭配來確定
(2)依據(jù)先行詞的習(xí)慣搭配來確定
(3)根據(jù)意思來確定
(4)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)某一名詞，不定式前加上關(guān)系詞
2、關(guān)系代詞作介詞的賓語時(shí)，介詞的位置
(1)whom和which可以和介詞一起放在先行詞和從句之間，也可以把介詞放在從句中有關(guān)動(dòng)詞的后面。
(2)含有介詞的短語動(dòng)詞一般不拆開，介詞仍放在動(dòng)詞的后面。
(3)關(guān)系代詞that在從句中作介詞賓語時(shí)，介詞不能放在它的前面，只能放在從句中有關(guān)動(dòng)詞的后面。
(4)關(guān)系代詞whose也可以在從句中與它所修飾的名詞一起作介詞賓語。
3、“名詞/數(shù)詞/代詞+介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)常見的形式有：名詞/one/two/some/none/all/both/several/many/most/a few/a little/the+比較級/the+最高級…+of+which/whom。
帶介詞的定語從句（擴(kuò)展5）
——which定語從句的用法3篇
which定語從句的用法1
我們知道，as和which作為關(guān)系代詞都可以用來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，指代整個(gè)主句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容，在從句中作主語或賓語，但它們在用法上有區(qū)別，這一點(diǎn)許多學(xué)生往往搞不清楚�，F(xiàn)就它們引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的用法簡述如下：
一、相同之處
當(dāng)從句位于主句之后，引導(dǎo)詞指代整個(gè)主句所表達(dá)的全部意義時(shí)，as和which可以互換。如：
The elephant is like a snake,as/which everybody can see.
大家都看得出，這頭大象像條蛇。
A big earthquake occurred there last night,as/which was reported on TV.
據(jù)電視報(bào)道，昨夜那里發(fā)生了大地震。
She is from Shanghai,as/which I know from her accent.
她來自上海，那是我從她的口音知道的。
二、不同之處
1、as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，位置比較靈活，可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之中或之后;而which引導(dǎo)非限制定語從句只能位于主句之后，不能位于主句之前。如：
_______ is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth.
A.It B.As C.That D.Which
答案：B
_______ is mentioned above,the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing.
A.Which B.As C.That D.It
答案：B
Air,as we know,is a gas.眾所周知，空氣是一種氣體。
He is very careful,as his work shows.
他的工作表現(xiàn)表明他非常謹(jǐn)慎。
as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句常有“如同......那樣”的含義，因此在一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中，如：
as we know;as is known to all(眾所周知)
as we all can see(正如我們大家都能看到的那樣)
as has been said before/above(正如前面所述)
as has been pointed out(正如所指出的那樣)
as might be imagined(可以想象得到)
as might be expected(正如所預(yù)料的那樣)
as is often the case(情況通常是這樣)
以上種種固定搭配，一般不能用which代替as。
2、搭配上，在由the same或such所修飾的名詞后通常用as作關(guān)系代詞引出非限制性定語從句。如：
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
我遇到了與他一樣的麻煩。
I've never heard of such a moving story as he is telling.
我從未聽過像他講得那么有趣的故事。
3、which引導(dǎo)的從句在意義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句，可以用and this代替，意思是“這件事”;as引導(dǎo)的從句主要起連接上下文的作用，表達(dá)說話人的觀點(diǎn)、看法，并指出主句內(nèi)容的根據(jù)或出處等。如：
He sold his new car,which surprised me.
=He sold his new car,and this serprised me.
Einstein,as we know,is a famous scientist.
我們都知道，愛因斯坦是一位著名的科學(xué)家。
As is known to all,****** is part of China.
眾所周知，**是*的一部分。
4、當(dāng)which在從句中指代的是先行詞本身而不是主句時(shí)，不可用as代替which。如：
The peach tree,which I planted last year,has not borne any fruit.
這棵桃樹是我去年種下的，還沒有結(jié)出任何果實(shí)。
The book,which I bought yesterday,is very instructive.
我昨天買的這本書很有教育意義。
5、在從句中作主語時(shí)，which既可作系動(dòng)詞be的主語，也可作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的主語，而as只可作系動(dòng)詞be的主語。如：
He married her,which was nature.(可用as代替which)
他和她結(jié)婚了，這是很自然的事。
She met the boy,which delighted her.(不可用as代替which)
她見到了那個(gè)男孩，這使得她很高興。
He failed in the exam again,which made his parents very angry.
他考試有不及格了，這是他父母很生氣。
6、as引導(dǎo)的從句在意義上不可與主語相悖，而which引導(dǎo)的從句則不受此限制。
Mum treats me like a baby,which I can't bear.
媽媽把我當(dāng)小孩看待，這是我不能忍受的。
which定語從句的用法2
一、which前面有逗號，逗號前面是個(gè)名詞，which就近指代那個(gè)名詞。
(1) Tankfield emailed Pea some photos, which did not cheer Pea up.
which就近指代photos，定語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞did not cheer (Pea up)的發(fā)出者即從句主語即先行詞photos，是photos沒讓豌豆家屬高興起來。
(2) Tankfield emailed Pea some photos, which Pea did not find interesting.
which就近指代photos，photos是定語從句中的賓語，把定語從句還原成一個(gè)完整句就是Pea did not find the photos interesting.
可以看到，上面兩個(gè)句子都可以以that為關(guān)系代詞改寫，即
(1)Tankfield emailed Pea some photos that did not cheer Pea up.
(2)Tankfield emailed Pea some photos that Pea did not find interesting.
改寫與原版區(qū)別在哪兒？就在一個(gè)逗號。which前面是名詞，名詞和which之間沒逗號的，在GMAT語法里算錯(cuò)。
二、which前面是介詞，介詞前面是名詞，which就近指代介詞前的那個(gè)名詞，名詞和介詞之間有無逗號均可。
Tankfield once lent Pea a book from which Pea glimpsed the basics of genes.
這個(gè)句子可以“拆”成如下兩句：（每個(gè)定語從句都可以拆成兩句，以先行詞為拆分點(diǎn)）
(1)Tankfield once lent Pea a book.
(2)Pea glimpsed the basics of genes from the book.
先行詞實(shí)際上是定語從句中介詞的賓語，這時(shí)，需要把介詞提前，避免如下表達(dá)：
(1)Tankfield once lent Pea a book, which Pea glimpsed the basics of genes from. (XXX)
(2)Tankfield once lent Pea a book that Pea glimpsed the basics of genes from. (XXX)
上中學(xué)的時(shí)候?qū)W過，which引導(dǎo)的定語從句叫“非限制性定語從句”，是不是？它怎么就“非限制性”了？回顧上述GMAT語法規(guī)定which有且僅有的兩種用法，which指的都是就近的名詞，從句其實(shí)還是限制性的。
所謂非限制性呢，是說which指逗號之前一套主謂所描述的情況，以逗號前的一個(gè)完整句為先行詞。比如：
(1)Tankfield might never care to say Happy Birthday to Pea, which was rather sad.
(2)Tankfield might never care to say Happy Birthday to Pea, which Pea did not refuse to acknowledge to herself any more.
注意，這樣的非限制性定語從句在GMAT語法中是不成立的，關(guān)于which，GMAT語法考試只認(rèn)可上述兩種限制性用法。那么，在GMAT語法考試規(guī)則范圍內(nèi)，用什么方法能夠表達(dá)出原來學(xué)過的非限制性定語從句的意思來呢？
分成兩句或做出同位語來都是可以的，當(dāng)然，需要先找出一個(gè)名詞把原來非限制性定語從句的先行詞（即那個(gè)完整的句子）概括出來。
一、分成兩句
Tankfield might never care to say Happy Birthday to Pea. The fact was rather sad.
Tankfield might never care to say Happy Birthday to Pea. Pea did not refuse to acknowledge the fact to herself any more.
二、做同位語
Tankfield might never care to say Happy Birthday to Pea, the fact, rather sad,beingwhat Pea did not refuse to acknowledge to herself any more.
考題及答案解析：
[考題1]
Youcanfindwhateveryouneedattheshoppingcentre,____isalwaysbusyattheweekend.
A.thatB.whereC.whatD.which
[答案]D
[解析]引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限定性定語從句修飾theshoppingcentre，應(yīng)選用D選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)系代詞which，which在該定語從句中充當(dāng)主語。
[考題2]
York,____lastyear,isaniceoldcity.(2003**)
A.thatIvisitedB.whichIvisited
C.whereIvisitedD.inwhichIvisited
[答案]B
[解析]引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限定性定語從句修飾York，在定語從句中充當(dāng)及物動(dòng)詞visit的賓語，應(yīng)選用B選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)系代詞which。
[考題3]
Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,mostof____hadn’tbeencleanedforatleastayear.
A.theseB.thoseC.thatD.which
[答案]D
[解析]引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限定性定語從句修飾windows，在定語從句中充當(dāng)介詞of的賓語，應(yīng)選用D選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)系代詞which。
[考題4]
Theownerofthecinemaneededtomakealotofimprovementsandemploymorepeopletokeepitrunning,____meantspendingtensofthousandsofpounds.(2006江蘇)
A.whoB.thatC.asD.which
[答案]D
[解析]引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限定性定語從句修飾整個(gè)主句“theownerofthecinemaneededtomakealotofimprovementsandemploymorepeopletokeepitrunning”所表示的情況，應(yīng)選用C選項(xiàng)中的`關(guān)系代詞which，在該定語從句中充當(dāng)主語。
[考題5]
Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,____,ofcourse,madetheothersunhappy.
A.whoB.whichC.thisD.what
[答案]B
[解析]引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限定性定語從句修飾整個(gè)主句“Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay”所表示的情況，應(yīng)選用B選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)系代詞which，在該定語從句中充當(dāng)主語。
[考題6]
Theresultoftheexperimentwasverygood,____wehadn’texpected.
A.when B.thatC.whichD.what
[答案]C
[解析]引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限定性定語從句修飾整個(gè)主句“theresultoftheexperimentwasverygood”所表示的情況，應(yīng)選用C選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)系代詞which，在該定語從句中充當(dāng)及物動(dòng)詞expect的賓語。
[考題7]
TheEnglishplay____mystudentsactedattheNewYear’spartywasagreatsuccess.
A.forwhichB.atwhichC.inwhichD.onwhich
[答案]C
[解析]表示“在英語劇中”應(yīng)用介詞in，因此在修飾先行詞play的限定性定語從句中也應(yīng)用介詞in與指代先行詞play的關(guān)系代詞which連用，本題只能選C。注意：本題中which充當(dāng)置于定語從句中最前面的介詞in的賓語(inwhich在整個(gè)定語從句中充當(dāng)狀語)。
[考題8]
Isawawomanrunningtowardmeinthedark.BeforeIcouldrecognizewhoshewas,shehadrunbackinthedirection____shehadcome.
A.ofwhichB.bywhichC.inwhichD.fromwhich
[答案]D
[解析]表示“從他來的方向跑回去”，應(yīng)選用介詞from。下劃線處是引導(dǎo)修飾direction的定語從句。
[考題9]
Frank’sdreamwastohavehisownshop____toproducetheworkingsofhisownhands.
A.thatB.inwhichC.bywhichD.how
[答案]B
[解析]題干句意為：Frank的夢想是擁有一家可以生產(chǎn)自己的手工制品的商店。inwhich相當(dāng)于intheshop的含義，最適合引導(dǎo)定語從句。
[考題10]
Iwasgiventhreebooksoncooking,thefirst____Ireallyenjoyed.
A.ofthatB.ofwhichC.thatD.which
[答案]B
[解析]ofwhich表示thefirstofthreebooks的含義，介詞of不可以省略，that不可以緊跟介詞后引導(dǎo)定語從句，因此應(yīng)選B。
[考題11]
Hewaseducatedatalocalgrammarschool,____hewentontoCambridge.
A.fromwhichB.afterthatC.afterwhichD.fromthis
[答案]C
[解析]this不能引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾前面的school，介詞后的關(guān)系代詞不能是that(“考點(diǎn)72：that引導(dǎo)的定語從句的用法”中將有此考點(diǎn)的具體介紹)，因此應(yīng)排除選項(xiàng)B和D;由于此處which指代前面整個(gè)主句，全句意為“他在當(dāng)?shù)氐囊凰Z法學(xué)校接受教育之后，又去了劍橋�！�，介詞應(yīng)選用after，因此應(yīng)進(jìn)一步排除選項(xiàng)A而選出C。
附：定語從句中的that和which用法區(qū)別
1、先行若是不定代，that就把which踹
春雨驚春清谷天，夏滿芒夏暑相連，秋處露秋寒霜降，冬雪雪冬小大寒。上半年是六廿一，下半年來八**，每月兩節(jié)日期定，最多相差一二天。當(dāng)先行詞為anything, everything, nothing, all, any, much, many, one等不定代詞時(shí)，只能使用“that”, 不用“which”.
例：Is there anything that I can do for you? 我能給你做點(diǎn)什么嗎？
2、先行詞前有兩數(shù)，就用that定無誤
當(dāng)先行詞是基數(shù)詞或序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)，只能使用“that”, 不用“which”.
例句：
That is the second time that I have been to Japan.
那是我去**的第二次。
The two buildings that lay on the River Thames fell down last week.
坐落在泰晤士河岸邊的那兩座大樓上星期倒塌了。
3、先行詞前最高級，還用that必?zé)o疑
當(dāng)先行詞是形容詞最高級或被形容詞最高級修飾時(shí)，只能使用“that”, 不用“which”.
例句：
This is the most wonderful time that I have ever had.
這是我度過的最美好的時(shí)光。
4、句中若有there be, that應(yīng)把which替
例：
There is no evidence that animals possess a mysterious sixth-sense allowing them to predict natural disasters.
說動(dòng)物擁有神秘的第六感，可以預(yù)知自然災(zāi)害，這是沒有根據(jù)的。
5、先行主中做表語，避免重復(fù)從句里
例句：
1）This is not the hospital that it used to be.
這已經(jīng)不再是以前那座醫(yī)院了。
2）Mr Thomson is not the man that he was.
湯姆森先生已經(jīng)不再是以前的他了。
解析：定語從句的先行詞均在主句中做表語。
例句：
Which is the course that we are to take ?
我們要學(xué)哪門課？
解析：句中已有which,后面不再用which,避免重復(fù)用that。
6、先行詞前有just/the only/very/same/last等詞，關(guān)系代詞用that,不用which
例句：
1) The North Pole is the only place that you can see polar bears.
北極是唯一能見到北極熊的地方。
2）This is the same bike that he lost.
這就是他丟了的那輛自行車。
注意區(qū)分：
3) This is the same bike as he lost.
這輛自行車和他丟的那輛一樣。（但不是）
which定語從句的用法3
我們知道，as和which作為關(guān)系代詞都可以用來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，指代整個(gè)主句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容，在從句中作主語或賓語，但它們在用法上有區(qū)別，這一點(diǎn)許多學(xué)生往往搞不清楚�，F(xiàn)就它們引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的用法簡述如下：
一、相同之處
當(dāng)從句位于主句之后，引導(dǎo)詞指代整個(gè)主句所表達(dá)的全部意義時(shí)，as和which可以互換。如：
The elephant is like a snake,as/which everybody can see.
大家都看得出，這頭大象像條蛇。
A big earthquake occurred there last night,as/which was reported on TV.
據(jù)電視報(bào)道，昨夜那里發(fā)生了大地震。
She is from Shanghai,as/which I know from her accent.
她來自上海，那是我從她的口音知道的。
二、不同之處
1、as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，位置比較靈活，可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之中或之后;而which引導(dǎo)非限制定語從句只能位于主句之后，不能位于主句之前。如：
_______ is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth.
A.It B.As C.That D.Which
答案：B
_______ is mentioned above,the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing.
A.Which B.As C.That D.It
答案：B
Air,as we know,is a gas.眾所周知，空氣是一種氣體。
He is very careful,as his work shows.
他的工作表現(xiàn)表明他非常謹(jǐn)慎。
as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句常有“如同......那樣”的含義，因此在一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中，如：
as we know;as is known to all(眾所周知)
as we all can see(正如我們大家都能看到的那樣)
as has been said before/above(正如前面所述)
as has been pointed out(正如所指出的那樣)
as might be imagined(可以想象得到)
as might be expected(正如所預(yù)料的那樣)
as is often the case(情況通常是這樣)
以上種種固定搭配，一般不能用which代替as。
2、搭配上，在由the same或such所修飾的名詞后通常用as作關(guān)系代詞引出非限制性定語從句。如：
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
我遇到了與他一樣的麻煩。
I've never heard of such a moving story as he is telling.
我從未聽過像他講得那么有趣的故事。
3、which引導(dǎo)的從句在意義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句，可以用and this代替，意思是“這件事”;as引導(dǎo)的從句主要起連接上下文的作用，表達(dá)說話人的觀點(diǎn)、看法，并指出主句內(nèi)容的根據(jù)或出處等。如：
He sold his new car,which surprised me.
=He sold his new car,and this serprised me.
Einstein,as we know,is a famous scientist.
我們都知道，愛因斯坦是一位著名的科學(xué)家。
As is known to all,****** is part of China.
眾所周知，**是*的一部分。
4、當(dāng)which在從句中指代的是先行詞本身而不是主句時(shí)，不可用as代替which。如：
The peach tree,which I planted last year,has not borne any fruit.
這棵桃樹是我去年種下的，還沒有結(jié)出任何果實(shí)。
The book,which I bought yesterday,is very instructive.
我昨天買的這本書很有教育意義。
5、在從句中作主語時(shí)，which既可作系動(dòng)詞be的主語，也可作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的主語，而as只可作系動(dòng)詞be的主語。如：
He married her,which was nature.(可用as代替which)
他和她結(jié)婚了，這是很自然的事。
She met the boy,which delighted her.(不可用as代替which)
她見到了那個(gè)男孩，這使得她很高興。
He failed in the exam again,which made his parents very angry.
他考試有不及格了，這是他父母很生氣。
6、as引導(dǎo)的從句在意義上不可與主語相悖，而which引導(dǎo)的從句則不受此限制。
Mum treats me like a baby,which I can't bear.
媽媽把我當(dāng)小孩看待，這是我不能忍受的。
帶介詞的定語從句（擴(kuò)展6）
——where的定語從句用法3篇
where的定語從句用法1
例1)I went to a small town. I met my boyfriend in that town.
在后面的簡單句中，in that town是地點(diǎn)狀語，所以可以用 where代替in that town，I met my boyfriend 放在先行詞(也就是定語從句所修飾的詞)town的后面。
I went to a small town where I met my boyfriend.我去了一個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)，在那里我遇見了我的男朋友。
例2)I went to a small town. It is very quiet and peaceful.
這兩句合成定語從句就是 it去掉，用which/that，來代替，定語從句which/that is very quiet and peaceful 來修飾先行詞town.
I went to a small town which is very quiet and peaceful.
I went to a small town that is very quiet and peaceful.
為什么主句都一樣，修飾的也是同一個(gè)先行詞town，第一個(gè)就用連接詞where，而第二個(gè)就用連接詞which或that呢?在定語從句中，一定要弄清句子成分。
I met my boyfriend in that town. In that town 是做地點(diǎn)狀語。
It is very quiet and peaceful. It 是做謂語動(dòng)詞is的主語。
所以例句1連接詞where代替的是地點(diǎn)狀語，in that town.例句2 連接詞that或which是代替主語it，也就是town.
在定語從句中 where一定翻譯在那里，然后再翻譯定語從句，翻譯完之后，感覺通順，定語從句一定是一個(gè)完整的簡單句。
例3)The street where the parade begins is Broadway.
那條街道是百老匯街，在那里開始了
在這個(gè)從句中，the parade begins 是一個(gè)完整的簡單句，不缺賓語 因?yàn)閎egin是不及物動(dòng)詞。(以后會講及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞)。
例4)The site where the concert will take place is Golden Park.
那個(gè)地點(diǎn)是golden park，在那里舉行音樂會。
練習(xí)：把下面幾個(gè)句子補(bǔ)充完整。
1，we went to a hospital which___________________.(which 指代從句賓語)
We went to a hospital where _____________________.
We went to a hospital which______________________.(which指代從句主語)
2，Lisa cleaned the classroom where___________________.
Lisa cleaned the classroom that _____________________.
Lisa cleaned the classroom that __________________.
帶介詞的定語從句（擴(kuò)展7）
——關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句3篇
關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1
1、that 指人或物在從句中作主語，賓語或表語
which 指物在從句中作主語，賓語或表語（作賓語時(shí)可以省略）
who 指人在從句中作主語，賓語或表語
whom 指人在從句中作賓語
whose 指人或物在從句中作定語
as 指人或物在從句中作主語，賓語或表語
but 指人或物在從句中作主語，賓語或表語
注意：指物時(shí)，whose+名詞=the+名詞+of which或 of which+the+名詞
2、as 的用法
�。�1）常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu)：such…as; so…as;the same…as; as…as
注意：the same…as 表示同一類，不同一個(gè)
the same…that 表示同一個(gè)
�。�2）as與which的區(qū)別
a、位置不同
as可放在主句后，主句前或主句中間；which只能放在主句后。
b、as起連接作用，表達(dá)說話人的觀點(diǎn)、看法，并指出主句內(nèi)容的根據(jù)或出處，意為“正如，正像”。
Which相當(dāng)于并列句，可以用and this來代替，意為“這一點(diǎn)，這件事’”。
注意：as常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu)：as we know/ as is known to all, as we all can see, as has been said before/above,
as might be excepted, as is often the case, 一般不能用which代替as。
c、在從句中作主語時(shí)，which既可作系動(dòng)詞be的主語也可作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的主語，而as只可作系動(dòng)詞be的主語。
關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句2
關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，從句謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。
1）who, whom, that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是想見你的人嗎？（who/that在從句中作主語）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天見的那個(gè)人。（whom/that在從句中作賓語）
2) Whose 用來指人或物，(只用作定語, 若指物，它還可以同of which互換）, 例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了，大家都跑過去幫忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 請遞給我那本綠皮的書。
3）which, that，它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等，例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。（which / that在句中作主語）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語）
關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句3
1. 由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句主要用于正式文體，在非正式文體中通常將介詞放至句末。如：This is the man to whom I referred. 我指的就是這個(gè)人。This is the man (whom) I referred to. 我指的就是這個(gè)人。
2. 直接用于介詞后作賓語的關(guān)系代詞which不能換成that，直接用于介詞后作賓語的.關(guān)系代詞whom不能換成who。但若介詞用于句末，則用作賓語的which, whom也可換成that, who，或者省略不同。如：這是一個(gè)我們討論了許多的問題。This is a subject about which we have talked a lot.(which不能換成that，也不能省略)This is a subject which we have talked about a lot. 這是一個(gè)我們討論了許多的問題。(which可以換成that，也可以省略)
3. 關(guān)系副詞when, where, why根據(jù)情況有時(shí)可換成“介詞+關(guān)系代詞which”。如： That is the day when [=on which] he was born. 那就是他出生的日子。That is the house where [=in which] he lived. 那就是他住過的房子。That is the reason why [=for which] he must apologize. 那就是他必須道歉的原因。
4. 在很正式的文體中，“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句可緊縮成“介詞+關(guān)系代詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。如：在那兒孩子們有個(gè)玩耍的花園。正：There the children had a garden in which to play. (很正式)正：There the children had a garden in which they could play. (較正式)正：There the children had a garden to play in. (較口語化)注：這類“介詞+關(guān)系代詞++不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞不能沒有，也不能放在句末。如不能說There the children had a garden which to play in.
帶介詞的定語從句（擴(kuò)展8）
——定語從句where的先行詞3篇
定語從句where的先行詞1
一、where定語從句修飾抽象名詞point
You reach a point wheremedicine can’t help.你已到了藥物無法治療的地步。
The cr**** has reached a point wherethe receiver will have to be called in.危機(jī)已達(dá)到非把破產(chǎn)管理人叫來不可的地步。
We have reached a point wherea change is needed.我們到了必須改一改的地步。
注:有時(shí)point也可以是具體的地點(diǎn):
Let the point whereAB cuts CD be called E.設(shè)AB線與CD線的相交點(diǎn)為E。
The accident happened at the point wherethe A15 joins the M1.事故發(fā)生在A15與M1交叉的十字路口。
二、where定語從句修飾抽象名詞case
There are cases wherethe word“mighty”is used as an adverb.在一些情況下，mighty一詞可用作副詞。
Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases wherebeginners of English fail to use the language properly.今天，我們將討論一些英語初學(xué)者對英語使用不當(dāng)?shù)膯栴}。
三、where定語從句修飾抽象名詞activity
Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity wheresight * more than hearing.那些失聰?shù)某晒ξ璧秆輪T們認(rèn)為，舞蹈是一種讓人看勝過讓人聽的活動(dòng)。
四、where定語從句修飾抽象名詞situation
He got into a situation whereit is hard to decide what is right and wrong.他陷入一種難以分辨是非的局面。
If you risk something important, you cause it to be in a dangerous situation whereyou might lose it.你如果拿重要的東**冒險(xiǎn)，那你就是將它置于一種可能會失去它的危險(xiǎn)境地。
五、where定語從句修飾抽象名詞position
It’s put me in a position whereI can’t afford to take the job.這使我陷入一種不能接受此工作的境地。
六、where定語從句修飾抽象名詞job
She wants a job whereher management skills can be put to good use.她想找一份能將她的管理技能派上用場的工作。
I don’t want a job whereI’m chained to a desk all day.我不想找一份整天坐在辦公桌前的工作。
【模擬訓(xùn)練】
01. We’re just trying to reach a point _______ both sides will sitdown together and talk.
A. where B. that C. when D. which
02. She had got to the point ______ she felt that she could nottake any more.
A. what B. when C. where D. which
03. The treatment will continue until the patient reaches thepoint ______ he can walk correctly and safely.
A. when B. where C. which D. that
04. It was so confusing that eventually it got to the point ______no one knew what was going on.
A. when B. that C. which D. where
05. I don’t want a job ______ I’m chained to a desk for eighthours a day.
A. which B. where C. what D. when
2/9頁
06. Drink-driving is one case ______ severe punishment seemsto work as a deterrent.
A. that B. which C. when D. where
07.Later in this chapter cases will be introduced toreaders_______consumer complains have resulted in changes in thelaw.(2008江西)
A. where B. when C. who D. { A此題是由where引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句，先行詞為cases，此句意思是“在這一章節(jié)，消費(fèi)者的抱怨產(chǎn)生的法律上的變化的這一案例及情況將被介紹給讀者”。}
【參***】01—06 ACBDBD
1.—Where did you get to know her?
—It was on the farm ___D___ we worked. (山東卷)
A. that B. there C. which D. where
2. Some pre-school children go to a day-care center, ___D___they learn simple games and songs. (全國I)
A. then B. there C. while D. where
3. Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity___D___ sight * more than hearing. (天津卷)
A. when B. whose C. which D. where
4. Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases ___D___ beginners of
English fail to use the language properly. (陜西卷)
A. which B. as C. why D. where
5. After graduation she reached a point in her career ___D___
she had to decide what to do. (江西卷)
A. that B. what C. which D. where
以上5道題的答案分別是DDDDD，其中前面兩道比較容易，因?yàn)樗鼈兎稀皐here引導(dǎo)的定語從句用于修飾表示地點(diǎn)的名詞”這一基本用法。但是，后面3道題則有所不同，因?yàn)樗鼈冃揎椀拿~不是具體的地點(diǎn)名詞，而是一個(gè)抽象名詞，即分別是activity, case, point，state，stage, situation，等意指“情況、情形、形勢”時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞常用where或介詞，which。如:We're just trying to reach a point____ both sides will sit down together and talk.(06山東
26.)A. where B. that C. when D. which由于一般的語法書對這一問題很少涉及，所以許多考生對這類考題比較生疏。為幫助同學(xué)們熟悉這一語言現(xiàn)象，正確掌握這一知識點(diǎn)，本文擬對where定語從句修飾抽象名詞的用法作一歸納。
用Where引導(dǎo)定語從句,先行詞不一定都表示地點(diǎn)
按照通常的理解,當(dāng)where引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí),它的先行詞就是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞,但事實(shí)并不是我們想象的那么簡單。很多情況下,where所指代的先行詞并不表示地點(diǎn)。請看以下幾個(gè)例句:
1. Remember that the best relationship is one where your lovefor each other is greater than your need for each other.
請記住,最深的感情關(guān)系表現(xiàn)為彼此間的愛超過彼此間的需要。
點(diǎn)評:這里where引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾先行詞one,也就是relationship (此處one指代的是relationship)。Relationship不是地點(diǎn)名詞,但此處卻用了where來引導(dǎo),where在這里表示“在這樣的感情關(guān)系下”。從定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)來看,定語從句不缺主語和賓語,引導(dǎo)詞where在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)氖菭钫Z。
2. Cheating is most likely in situations where the vitalinterests are high and the chances of getting caught are low.
欺詐行為在這種情況下最有可能發(fā)生:利益重大,而且欺詐行為被發(fā)現(xiàn)的可能性小。
點(diǎn)評:句中的先行詞是situations,表示“情形,情況”,引導(dǎo)詞依然用的是where,
表示“在這種情況之下”。這里的定語從句也是不缺主語或賓語的,where在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)氖菭钫Z。
3. Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower itspopulation to the point where the planet can provide acomfortable support for all, people will have to accept more“unnatural food”.
除非人類能夠意識到要把人口減少到這樣的程度——使地球能為所有人提供足夠的食物,
否則人們將不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。
點(diǎn)評:這里的先行詞是point,表示“某種程度,某種狀況”,引導(dǎo)詞where指代
point,表示“在這種程度之下”。這里定語從句也是不缺主語和賓語的,where在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)娜匀皇菭钫Z。
定語從句where的先行詞2
一、where定語從句修飾抽象名詞point
You reach a point wheremedicine can’t help.你已到了藥物無法治療的地步。
The cr**** has reached a point wherethe receiver will have to be called in.危機(jī)已達(dá)到非把破產(chǎn)管理人叫來不可的地步。
We have reached a point wherea change is needed.我們到了必須改一改的地步。
注:有時(shí)point也可以是具體的地點(diǎn):
Let the point whereAB cuts CD be called E.設(shè)AB線與CD線的相交點(diǎn)為E。
The accident happened at the point wherethe A15 joins the M1.事故發(fā)生在A15與M1交叉的十字路口。
二、where定語從句修飾抽象名詞case
There are cases wherethe word“mighty”is used as an adverb.在一些情況下，mighty一詞可用作副詞。
Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases wherebeginners of English fail to use the language properly.今天，我們將討論一些英語初學(xué)者對英語使用不當(dāng)?shù)膯栴}。
三、where定語從句修飾抽象名詞activity
Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity wheresight * more than hearing.那些失聰?shù)某晒ξ璧秆輪T們認(rèn)為，舞蹈是一種讓人看勝過讓人聽的活動(dòng)。
四、where定語從句修飾抽象名詞situation
He got into a situation whereit is hard to decide what is right and wrong.他陷入一種難以分辨是非的局面。
If you risk something important, you cause it to be in a dangerous situation whereyou might lose it.你如果拿重要的東**冒險(xiǎn)，那你就是將它置于一種可能會失去它的危險(xiǎn)境地。
五、where定語從句修飾抽象名詞position
It’s put me in a position whereI can’t afford to take the job.這使我陷入一種不能接受此工作的境地。
六、where定語從句修飾抽象名詞job
She wants a job whereher management skills can be put to good use.她想找一份能將她的管理技能派上用場的工作。
I don’t want a job whereI’m chained to a desk all day.我不想找一份整天坐在辦公桌前的工作。
【模擬訓(xùn)練】
01. We’re just trying to reach a point _______ both sides will sitdown together and talk.
A. where B. that C. when D. which
02. She had got to the point ______ she felt that she could nottake any more.
A. what B. when C. where D. which
03. The treatment will continue until the patient reaches thepoint ______ he can walk correctly and safely.
A. when B. where C. which D. that
04. It was so confusing that eventually it got to the point ______no one knew what was going on.
A. when B. that C. which D. where
05. I don’t want a job ______ I’m chained to a desk for eighthours a day.
A. which B. where C. what D. when
2/9頁
06. Drink-driving is one case ______ severe punishment seemsto work as a deterrent.
A. that B. which C. when D. where
07.Later in this chapter cases will be introduced toreaders_______consumer complains have resulted in changes in thelaw.(2008江西)
A. where B. when C. who D. { A此題是由where引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句，先行詞為cases，此句意思是“在這一章節(jié)，消費(fèi)者的抱怨產(chǎn)生的法律上的變化的這一案例及情況將被介紹給讀者”。}
【參***】01—06 ACBDBD
1.—Where did you get to know her?
—It was on the farm ___D___ we worked. (山東卷)
A. that B. there C. which D. where
2. Some pre-school children go to a day-care center, ___D___they learn simple games and songs. (全國I)
A. then B. there C. while D. where
3. Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity___D___ sight * more than hearing. (天津卷)
A. when B. whose C. which D. where
4. Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases ___D___ beginners of
English fail to use the language properly. (陜西卷)
A. which B. as C. why D. where
5. After graduation she reached a point in her career ___D___
she had to decide what to do. (江西卷)
A. that B. what C. which D. where
以上5道題的答案分別是DDDDD，其中前面兩道比較容易，因?yàn)樗鼈兎稀皐here引導(dǎo)的定語從句用于修飾表示地點(diǎn)的名詞”這一基本用法。但是，后面3道題則有所不同，因?yàn)樗鼈冃揎椀拿~不是具體的地點(diǎn)名詞，而是一個(gè)抽象名詞，即分別是activity, case, point，state，stage, situation，等意指“情況、情形、形勢”時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞常用where或介詞，which。如:We're just trying to reach a point____ both sides will sit down together and talk.(06山東
26.)A. where B. that C. when D. which由于一般的語法書對這一問題很少涉及，所以許多考生對這類考題比較生疏。為幫助同學(xué)們熟悉這一語言現(xiàn)象，正確掌握這一知識點(diǎn)，本文擬對where定語從句修飾抽象名詞的用法作一歸納。
用Where引導(dǎo)定語從句,先行詞不一定都表示地點(diǎn)
按照通常的理解,當(dāng)where引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí),它的先行詞就是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞,但事實(shí)并不是我們想象的那么簡單。很多情況下,where所指代的先行詞并不表示地點(diǎn)。請看以下幾個(gè)例句:
1. Remember that the best relationship is one where your lovefor each other is greater than your need for each other.
請記住,最深的感情關(guān)系表現(xiàn)為彼此間的愛超過彼此間的需要。
點(diǎn)評:這里where引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾先行詞one,也就是relationship (此處one指代的是relationship)。Relationship不是地點(diǎn)名詞,但此處卻用了where來引導(dǎo),where在這里表示“在這樣的感情關(guān)系下”。從定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)來看,定語從句不缺主語和賓語,引導(dǎo)詞where在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)氖菭钫Z。
2. Cheating is most likely in situations where the vitalinterests are high and the chances of getting caught are low.
欺詐行為在這種情況下最有可能發(fā)生:利益重大,而且欺詐行為被發(fā)現(xiàn)的可能性小。
點(diǎn)評:句中的先行詞是situations,表示“情形,情況”,引導(dǎo)詞依然用的是where,
表示“在這種情況之下”。這里的定語從句也是不缺主語或賓語的,where在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)氖菭钫Z。
3. Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower itspopulation to the point where the planet can provide acomfortable support for all, people will have to accept more“unnatural food”.
除非人類能夠意識到要把人口減少到這樣的程度——使地球能為所有人提供足夠的食物,
否則人們將不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。
點(diǎn)評:這里的先行詞是point,表示“某種程度,某種狀況”,引導(dǎo)詞where指代
point,表示“在這種程度之下”。這里定語從句也是不缺主語和賓語的,where在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)娜匀皇菭钫Z。
帶介詞的定語從句（擴(kuò)展9）
——新概念一定語從句
新概念一定語從句1
一、什么是定語(Attributive) :
a loyal friend 形容詞作定語
a woman teacher 名詞作定語
a girl with long hair 介詞短語作后置定語
falling / fallen leaves 分詞作定語
定語從句在句中相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語的成分起修飾的作用。
二、定語從句的構(gòu)成：
1)which/that
a. Annawas wearing a hat.
b. Itwas too dirty.
定從： Annawas wearing a hat which/that was too dirty. (主語)
安娜戴了一頂很臟的帽子。
a. The hat was too dirty.
b. Anna was wearing a hat
定從： The hat that/ which Anna was wearing was too dirty.(賓語)
安娜戴著的那頂帽子太臟了。
2). who/whom
a. I meta boy.
b. Theboy can speak three languages.
定從： I met a boy who can speak three languages. (主語)
我見到了一個(gè)能說三種語言的男孩兒。
a. Theboy can speak three languages.
b. I met a boy.
定從：The boy whom/ who I met can speak three languages. (賓語)
我見到的男孩兒能說三種語言。
3. whose
a. We saw some people.
b. Their arms had broken.
定從： We saw some people whose arms had broken.
我們看見了一些手臂受了傷的人。
a. The desk belongs to Mary.
b. The leg of the desk is broken.
定從： The deskwhose leg is broken belongs to Mary.
腿壞了的桌子屬于瑪利。
三、只能使用關(guān)系代詞that的幾種情況。
1. 先行詞為all, little, few,much, nothing, something, anything, everything等不定代詞時(shí)
e.g.There is nothing that I can say
2. 先行詞被 all, each, few,much, every, no, some, any 等詞修飾時(shí)
e.g. I have few books that you needed
3. 先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)
e.g. He talked about the teachers and schools that he liked
4.先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時(shí)
e.g. This is the best composition that I have read.
5. 先行詞被the only, the very,the last 等修飾時(shí)
e.g. This is the very man that I am looking for.
6. 主句是以who或which開頭的疑問句時(shí)
e.g. Who is the man that is holding Mary’s hand?
四、非限定性定語從句 Non-restrictive Attributive Clause
1. “位置形式”：緊接先行詞，不用標(biāo)點(diǎn)分割
e.g. I want to buy the house which has agarden.
2. 用逗號與主句隔開，修飾“主句全句或部分內(nèi)容”，可置句末，中，首。
e.g. I want to buy the house, which has agarden.
The earth is round, which is known to all
As is known to all, the earth is round.
3. “先行詞”
限定性： n. / n. phrase
e.g. He wears a red shirt which makes himlike a girl.
非限定性：1). n. / n. phrase
2). the sentence
e.g. He wears a red shirt, which makes himlike a girl.
“關(guān)系詞的用法”
限定性：1).關(guān)系代詞作從句賓語時(shí)可省
2). that可替who, whom, which(口)
e.g. This is the book( which/that) I boughtyesterday.
非限定性：1).關(guān)系詞不能用that
2).不能替換，不能省(which, as)
e.g. I like the book, which I bought yesterday
Do you know Tom, whom we talked about?
She has to work on Sundays,which she doesn’t like.
帶介詞的定語從句（擴(kuò)展10）
——用定語從句寫的英語作文
用定語從句寫的英語作文1
There is no doubt that football is the NO.1 sport in the world, though our football players don’t play it very well, still a lot of fans keep their enthusiasm on this sport. They watch the matches even staying up. These fans like to make up a group. They share the same interest and watch the match together. It is football that brings them together.
毫無疑問，足球是世界上排名第一的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)，雖然我們國家的足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員踢得不是很好,但是還有很多球迷保持著對這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的熱情。他們甚至熬夜看比賽。這些球迷喜歡組成群體，分享著相同的興趣，一起觀看比賽。足球讓他們聚在了一起。
The biggest match for football is the World Cup. As it holds every four years, it is like the biggest event, and the whole world is crazy about it. All the media are reporting the event and fans from all over the world gather together, discussing it all the time.
最大的足球賽事是世界杯。每四年舉行一次，就像是最大的盛事一樣，整個(gè)世界都為之瘋狂。所有的**報(bào)道賽事，球迷從全世界聚集在一起,討論著足球。
As English is the international language, football is the international sport. People, no matter poor or rich, can share the same topic as they come together. People talk about their favorite players and predict the results. Football is like the silent language, bringing people together. As the most popular sport, it will attract more fans.
正如英語是國際語言，足球是國際運(yùn)動(dòng)。人，無論貧窮或富有，都可以走到一起，討論相同的話題。大家談?wù)撍麄冏钕矚g的球員和預(yù)測結(jié)果。足球就像沉默的語言，把不同的人聚在一起。作為最流行的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)，它會吸引更多的`球迷。
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